{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:07:33Z","timestamp":1767006453360,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flow velocity measurements using point-velocity meters are normally obtained by sampling one, two or three velocity points per vertical profile. During high floods their use is inhibited due to the difficulty of sampling in lower portions of the flow area. Nevertheless, the application of standard methods allows estimation of a parameter, \u03b1, which depends on the energy slope and the Manning roughness coefficient. During high floods, monitoring of velocity can be accomplished by sampling the maximum velocity, umax, only, which can be used to estimate the mean flow velocity, um, by applying the linear entropy relationship depending on the parameter, M, estimated on the basis of historical observed pairs (um, umax). In this context, this work attempts to analyze if a correlation between \u03b1 and M holds, so that the monitoring for high flows can be addressed by exploiting information from standard methods. A methodology is proposed to estimate M from \u03b1, by coupling the \u201chistorical\u201d information derived by standard methods, and \u201cnew\u201d information from the measurement of umax surmised at later times. Results from four gauged river sites of different hydraulic and geometric characteristics have shown the robust estimation of M based on \u03b1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e16105546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T10:07:45Z","timestamp":1413886065000},"page":"5546-5559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Conventional Point-Velocity Records and Surface Velocity Observations for Estimating High Flow Discharge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Corato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelhadi","family":"Ammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High National School of Hydraulics, Blida, 09000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9870-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Moramarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Geo-hydrological Protection, National Research Council, via della Madonna Alta, 126, 06128 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mueller, D.S. (August, January 28). Use of acoustic Doppler instruments for measuring discharge in streams with appreciable sediment transport. Estes Park, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, M.R. (2001). Discharge Measurements Using a Broad-Band Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler; Open-file Report 01-1, United States Geological Survey.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr011"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.02.025","article-title":"Comparison of bottom-track to global positioning system referenced discharges measured using an acoustic Doppler current profiler","volume":"401","author":"Wagner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:7(738)","article-title":"Entropy and 2-D velocity distribution in open channels","volume":"114","author":"Chiu","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:8(720)","article-title":"Relation between mean and maximum velocities in a natural river","volume":"123","author":"Xia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:1(42)","article-title":"Estimation of mean velocity in natural channels based on Chiu\u2019s velocity distribution equation","volume":"9","author":"Moramarco","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2011.064","article-title":"Velocity profiles assessment in natural channel during high floods","volume":"42","author":"Moramarco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, J.E., Cheng, R.T., Haeni, F.P., Melcher, N., Spicer, K.R., Hayes, E., Plant, W., Hayes, K., Teague, C., and Barrick, D. (2006). Use of radars to monitor stream discharge by noncontact methods. Water Resour. Res, 42.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004430"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.03.028","article-title":"Measuring real-time streamflow using emerging technologies: Radar, hydroacoustics and the probability concepts","volume":"357","author":"Fulton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.904837","article-title":"Current Meassurements in Rivers by Spaceborne along-Track InSAR","volume":"45","author":"Romeiser","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2030885","article-title":"First Analysis of TerraSAR-X Along-Track InSAR-Derived Current Fields","volume":"48","author":"Romeiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/swot.jpl.nasa.gov\/airswot\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Moller, D., and Carswell, J. Available Online: http:\/\/www.remotesensingsolutions.com\/whitepapers\/KaSPAR_WhitePaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Herschy, R.W. (1995). Streamflow Measurements, E&FN. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.2011.00270.x","article-title":"Investigation of Flow Properties in Natural Streams by Entropy Concept","volume":"26","author":"Genc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Environ. J"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boiten, W. (2003). Hydrometry, A.A. Balkema.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203971093"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#iso:std:iso:748:ed-4:v1:en."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1476","article-title":"A fast method of flood discharge estimation","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.3390\/e16052512","article-title":"Three methods for estimating the entropy parameter m based on a decreasing number of velocity measurements in a river cross-section","volume":"16","author":"Farina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Fenton, J.D. (2002, January 3\u20136). The application of numerical methods and mathematics to hydrography. Sidney,Australia."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Herschy, R.W. (1999). Hydrometry: Principles and Practise, John Wiley and Son. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlichting, H. (1968). Boundary Layer Theory, Springer.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3601336"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-2979-2011","article-title":"Discharge estimation combining flow routing and occasional measurements of velocity","volume":"15","author":"Corato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2013.138","article-title":"An operational approach to real-time dynamic measurement of discharge","volume":"44","author":"Alessandrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000255","article-title":"Formulation of the Entropy Parameter Based on Hydraulic and Geometric Characteristics of River Cross Sections","volume":"15","author":"Moramarco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:4(390)","article-title":"Maximum velocity and regularities in open-channel flow","volume":"128","author":"Chiu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Corato, G., Gueli, R., and Tucciarelli, T. (2009, January 12\u201316). Discharge and bed roughness estimation from water level data analysis. Concepci\u00f2n, Chile."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/16\/10\/5546\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:14Z","timestamp":1760217434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/16\/10\/5546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["e16105546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e16105546","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]}}}