{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:37:22Z","timestamp":1770147442198,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,27]],"date-time":"2015-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Passenger flow modeling and station dwelling time estimation are significant elements for railway mass transit planning, but system operators usually have limited information to model the passenger flow. In this paper, an artificial-intelligence technique known as fuzzy logic is applied for the estimation of the elements of the origin-destination matrix and the dwelling time of stations in a railway transport system. The fuzzy inference engine used in the algorithm is based in the principle of maximum entropy. The approach considers passengers\u2019 preferences to assign a level of congestion in each car of the train in function of the properties of the station platforms. This approach is implemented to estimate the passenger flow and dwelling times of the recently opened Line 1 of the Panama Metro. The dwelling times obtained from the simulation are compared to real measurements to validate the approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e17052688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,27]],"date-time":"2015-04-27T12:16:51Z","timestamp":1430137011000},"page":"2688-2705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach for Estimation of Dwelling Times of Panama Metro Stations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4278-5478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aranzazu","family":"Berbey Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, Campus Dr. V\u00edctor Levi Sasso, Edificio N 1, 0819-07289 Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1,"},{"name":"Panama Railway Engineering Research Group (PRERG), Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, 0819-07289 Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Merchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, Campus Dr. V\u00edctor Levi Sasso, Edificio N 1, 0819-07289 Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1,"},{"name":"Panama Railway Engineering Research Group (PRERG), Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, 0819-07289 Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Calvo Poyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Granada, Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Laboratorio de Infraestructura y Transporte, calle Severo Ochoa, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Panama Railway Engineering Research Group (PRERG), Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, 0819-07289 Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1"}]},{"given":"Rony","family":"Caballero George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, Campus Dr. V\u00edctor Levi Sasso, Edificio N 1, 0819-07289 Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1,"},{"name":"Panama Railway Engineering Research Group (PRERG), Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, 0819-07289 Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/atr.5670400302","article-title":"Train boarding and alighting rates at high passenger loads","volume":"40","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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