{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:18:22Z","timestamp":1760242702242,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["U1434203","51377136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1434203","51377136"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010250","name":"Sichuan Province Youth Science and Technology Innovation Team","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016TD0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016TD0012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a diagnosis plan is proposed to settle the detection and isolation problem of open switch faults in high-speed railway traction system traction inverters. Five entropy forms are discussed and compared with the traditional fault detection methods, namely, discrete wavelet transform and discrete wavelet packet transform. The traditional fault detection methods cannot efficiently detect the open switch faults in traction inverters because of the low resolution or the sudden change of the current. The performances of Wavelet Packet Energy Shannon Entropy (WPESE), Wavelet Packet Energy Tsallis Entropy (WPETE) with different non-extensive parameters, Wavelet Packet Energy Shannon Entropy with a specific sub-band (WPESE3,6), Empirical Mode Decomposition Shannon Entropy (EMDESE), and Empirical Mode Decomposition Tsallis Entropy (EMDETE) with non-extensive parameters in detecting the open switch fault are evaluated by the evaluation parameter. Comparison experiments are carried out to select the best entropy form for the traction inverter open switch fault detection. In addition, the DC component is adopted to isolate the failure Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT). The simulation experiments show that the proposed plan can diagnose single and simultaneous open switch faults correctly and timely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e18030078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T11:07:19Z","timestamp":1456830439000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Wavelet Entropy-Based Traction Inverter Open Switch Fault Diagnosis in High-Speed Railways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Keting","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Magnetic Suspension Technology and Maglev Vehicle, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4154-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhigang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Magnetic Suspension Technology and Maglev Vehicle, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}]},{"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Magnetic Suspension Technology and Maglev Vehicle, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4931","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2011.2114313","article-title":"Ageing and failure modes of IGBT modules in high-temperature power cycling","volume":"58","author":"Smet","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-epa:20070203","article-title":"Fault-tolerant control in variable speed drives: A survey","volume":"2","author":"Palacios","year":"2008","journal-title":"IET Electr. Power Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5192","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2301712","article-title":"Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters","volume":"61","author":"Mirafzal","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2011.2124436","article-title":"An industry-based survey of reliability in power electronic converters","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2009.2027535","article-title":"A literature review of IGBT fault diagnostic and protection methods for power inverters","volume":"45","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2010.2052472","article-title":"Switching function model-based fast-diagnostic method of open-switch faults in inverters without sensors","volume":"26","author":"An","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2010.2047829","article-title":"An observer-based diagnosis scheme for single and simultaneous open-switch faults in induction motor drives","volume":"58","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4960","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2013.2279383","article-title":"A voltage-based approach without extra hardware for open-circuit fault diagnosis in closed-loop PWM AC regenerative drives","volume":"61","author":"Freire","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2013.0949","article-title":"Observer-based open transistor fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control of five-phase permanent magnet motor drive for application in electric vehicles","volume":"8","author":"Salehifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2012.2188877","article-title":"A new algorithm for real-time multiple open-circuit fault diagnosis in voltage-fed PWM motor drives by the reference current errors","volume":"60","author":"Estima","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2011.2168800","article-title":"A new approach for real-time multiple open-circuit fault diagnosis in voltage-source inverters","volume":"47","author":"Estima","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2011.2178435","article-title":"Method for detecting an open-switch fault in a grid-connected NPC inverter system","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2385044","article-title":"A Diagnostic Method of Simultaneous Open-Switch Faults in Inverter-fed Linear Induction Motor Drive for Reliability Enhancement","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20040153","article-title":"Wavelet-fuzzy-based algorithm for condition monitoring of voltage source inverter","volume":"40","author":"Khanniche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2014.0450","article-title":"Multi-resolution analysis for converter switch faults identification","volume":"8","author":"Keswani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-smt.2009.0121","article-title":"Wavelet-based switching faults detection in direct torque control induction motor drives","volume":"4","author":"Aktas","year":"2010","journal-title":"IET Sci. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"377","article-title":"Fault diagnosis of three-phase PWM inverters using wavelet and SVM","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1515\/mms-2015-0017","article-title":"Faults Classification of Power Electronic Circuits Based on a Support Vector Data Description Method","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s12555-011-0423-9","article-title":"Fault classification method for inverter based on hybrid support vector machines and wavelet analysis","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Control Autom. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2014.2303086","article-title":"Multiwavelet packet entropy and its application in transmission line fault recognition and classification","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5811","DOI":"10.3390\/e17085811","article-title":"Complex power quality disturbances recognition using wavelet packet entropies and S-transform","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2012.0528","article-title":"Wavelet singular entropy-based symmetrical fault-detection and out-of-step protection during power swing","volume":"7","author":"Dubey","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7101","DOI":"10.3390\/e17107101","article-title":"Multi-Level Wavelet Shannon Entropy-Based Method for Single-Sensor Fault Location","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2008.11.005","article-title":"Application of the EEMD method to rotor fault diagnosis of rotating machinery","volume":"23","author":"Lei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2012.09.015","article-title":"A review on empirical mode decomposition in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery","volume":"35","author":"Lei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2005.11.002","article-title":"A roller bearing fault diagnosis method based on EMD energy entropy and ANN","volume":"294","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/18\/3\/78\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:19:56Z","timestamp":1760210396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/18\/3\/78"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["e18030078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e18030078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]}}}