{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:36:36Z","timestamp":1774485396389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,18]],"date-time":"2016-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007637","name":"Colciencias","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1217-669-45428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1217-669-45428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"MINECO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC2013-44666-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2013-44666-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"MINECO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC2014-603337-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2014-603337-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The End of Residency Award of Hospital CLINIC de Barcelona","award":["PI\/050072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI\/050072"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias","award":["PS09\/01209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS09\/01209"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The level of sedation in patients undergoing medical procedures is decided to assure unconsciousness and prevent pain. The monitors of depth of anesthesia, based on the analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG), have been progressively introduced into the daily practice to provide additional information about the state of the patient. However, the quantification of analgesia still remains an open problem. The purpose of this work was to analyze the capability of prediction of nociceptive responses based on refined multiscale entropy (RMSE) and auto mutual information function (AMIF) applied to EEG signals recorded in 378 patients scheduled to undergo ultrasonographic endoscopy under sedation-analgesia. Two observed categorical responses after the application of painful stimulation were analyzed: the evaluation of the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) after nail bed compression and the presence of gag reflex (GAG) during endoscopy tube insertion. In addition, bispectrum (BIS), heart rate (HR), predicted concentrations of propofol (CeProp) and remifentanil (CeRemi) were annotated with a resolution of 1 s. Results showed that functions based on RMSE, AMIF, HR and CeRemi permitted predicting different stimulation responses during sedation better than BIS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e18030103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,18]],"date-time":"2016-03-18T13:31:03Z","timestamp":1458307863000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessment of Nociceptive Responsiveness Levels during Sedation-Analgesia by Entropy Analysis of EEG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2997-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Valencia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad San Buenaventura, Cali 760033, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Melia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatic Control, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona 08028, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2031-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Vallverd\u00fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatic Control, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona 08028, Spain"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Borrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Pharmacology Effect Control &amp; Modeling (SPEC-M) Research Group, Department of Anesthesia, Hospital CLINIC de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Jospin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Quantium Medical SL, Matar\u00f3 08302, Spain"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Quantium Medical SL, Matar\u00f3 08302, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan 20097, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic-Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan 20097, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8802-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Gamb\u00fas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Pharmacology Effect Control &amp; Modeling (SPEC-M) Research Group, Department of Anesthesia, Hospital CLINIC de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Caminal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatic Control, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona 08028, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists (2002). 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