{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:48:50Z","timestamp":1773218930708,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]],"date-time":"2016-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Research Growth Initiative","award":["101X245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101X245"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tribology involves the study of friction, wear, lubrication, and adhesion, including biomimetic superhydrophobic and icephobic surfaces. The three aspects of icephobicity are the low ice adhesion, repulsion of incoming water droplets prior to freezing, and delayed frost formation. Although superhydrophobic surfaces are not always icephobic, the theoretical mechanisms behind icephobicity are similar to the entropically driven hydrophobic interactions. The growth of ice crystals in saturated vapor is partially governed by entropically driven diffusion of water molecules to definite locations similarly to hydrophobic interactions. The ice crystal formation can be compared to protein folding controlled by hydrophobic forces. Surface topography and surface energy can affect both the icephobicity and hydrophobicity. By controlling these properties, micro\/nanostructured icephobic concrete was developed. The concrete showed ice adhesion strength one order of magnitude lower than regular concrete and could repel incoming water droplets at \u22125 \u00b0C. The icephobic performance of the concrete can be optimized by controlling the sand and polyvinyl alcohol fiber content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e18040132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]],"date-time":"2016-04-12T10:57:33Z","timestamp":1460458653000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Anti-Icing Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Controlling Entropic Molecular Interactions to Design Novel Icephobic Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rahul","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7419-6320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Kozhukhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering Department; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Sobolev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering Department; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0980-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Nosonovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3390\/e12061345","article-title":"Entropy in Tribology: In the Search for Applications","volume":"12","author":"Nosonovsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nikas, G. (2010). Recent Developments in Wear Prevention, Friction and Lubrication, Research Signpost."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3390\/e12051021","article-title":"On the Thermodynamics of Friction and Wear-A Review","volume":"12","author":"Amiri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4684","DOI":"10.3390\/e17074684","article-title":"Geometric Interpretation of Surface Tension Equilibrium in Superhydrophobic Systems","volume":"17","author":"Nosonovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15003","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2015.3","article-title":"Design of Anti-Icing Surfaces: Smooth, Textured or Slippery?","volume":"1","author":"Kreder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Blackburn, C., Laforte, C., and Laforte, J.L. (2000, January 5\u20138). Apparatus for Measuring the Adhesion Force of a Thin Ice Sheet on a Substrate. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures (IWAIS), Chester, UK."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8854","DOI":"10.1021\/la901439c","article-title":"How Wetting Hysteresis Influences Ice Adhesion Strength on Superhydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Kulinich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7699","DOI":"10.1021\/nn102557p","article-title":"Design of Ice-Free Nanostructured Surfaces Based on Repulsion of Impacting Water Droplets","volume":"4","author":"Mishchenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1021\/la504626f","article-title":"Dynamics of Droplet Impact on Hydrophobic\/Icephobic Concrete with the Potential for Superhydrophobicity","volume":"31","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4874","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR06644D","article-title":"Rational Nanostructuring of Surfaces for Extraordinary Icephobicity","volume":"6","author":"Eberle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6569","DOI":"10.1021\/nn302310q","article-title":"Liquid-Infused Nanostructured Surfaces with Extreme Anti-Ice and Anti-Frost Performance","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051604","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4927055","article-title":"Controlling Drop Bouncing using Surfaces with Gradient Features","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H.R., and Klett, J.D. (2010). Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48100-0"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10749","DOI":"10.1021\/la3014915","article-title":"Investigating the Effects of Solid Surfaces on Ice Nucleation","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1021\/la2045256","article-title":"Dynamics of Ice Nucleation on Water Repellent Surfaces","volume":"28","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5113729","article-title":"Is Ice Nucleation from Supercooled Water Insensitive to Surface Roughness?","volume":"119","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8488","DOI":"10.1021\/nn302138r","article-title":"Why Superhydrophobic Surfaces are Not always Icephobic","volume":"6","author":"Nosonovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.02.057","article-title":"Anti-Icing Performance of Superhydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"257","author":"Farhadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2014.11.007","article-title":"Icephobicity of Polydimethylsiloxane-b-Poly (Fluorinated Acrylate)","volume":"573","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.07.097","article-title":"Preparation and Icephobic Properties of Polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane-Polyacrylate Block Copolymers","volume":"316","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20685","DOI":"10.1021\/am504348x","article-title":"Development of Sol-Gel Icephobic Coatings: Effect of Surface Roughness and Surface Energy","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1021\/am3031272","article-title":"Durable Icephobic Coating for Stainless Steel","volume":"5","author":"Boinovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.05.010","article-title":"Superhydrophobic Concrete Surfaces with Integrated Microtexture","volume":"52","author":"Horgnies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250050096","article-title":"Purity of the Sacred Lotus, or Escape from Contamination in Biological Surfaces","volume":"202","author":"Barthlott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10447","article-title":"Bioinspired Self-Repairing Slippery Surfaces with Pressure-Stable Omniphobicity","volume":"477","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CP43586A","article-title":"Inhibition of Ice Nucleation by Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)","volume":"15","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Damle, V.G., Liu, S., and Rykaczewski, K. (2015). Bioinspired Stimuli-Responsive and Antifreeze-Secreting Anti-Icing Coatings. Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 2.","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201400479"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7797","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM01230E","article-title":"Surface micro\/nanotopography, Wetting Properties and the Potential for Biomimetic Icephobicity of Skunk Cabbage Symplocarpus Foetidus","volume":"10","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flory, P.J. (1969). Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules, Interscience.","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.1969.360080514"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Israelachvili, J.N. (2011). Intermolecular and Surface Forces, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1021\/la502115g","article-title":"Developing a General Interaction Potential for Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions","volume":"31","author":"Donaldson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04162","article-title":"Interfaces and the Driving Force of Hydrophobic Assembly","volume":"437","author":"Chandler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/442526a","article-title":"Superhydrophobicity\u2014Drying Transition of Confined Water","volume":"442","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1039\/b926184b","article-title":"The Search for the Hydrophobic Force Law","volume":"146","author":"Hammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.59.381","article-title":"Self-Organized Criticality\u2014An Explanation of 1\/f Noise","volume":"59","author":"Bak","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L191","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/15\/12\/101","article-title":"Evidence of Self-Organized Criticality in Dry Sliding Friction","volume":"15","author":"Zypman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condensed Matter"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.3390\/e16063062","article-title":"Entropy Content during Nanometric Stick-Slip Motion","volume":"16","author":"Creeger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2008.06.013","article-title":"Do Hierarchical Mechanisms of Superhydrophobicity Lead to Self-Organized Criticality?","volume":"59","author":"Nosonovsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7659","DOI":"10.1021\/la049410h","article-title":"Line Energy and the Relation between Advancing, Receding, and Young Contact Angles","volume":"20","author":"Tadmor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2004.09.006","article-title":"Contact Angle Hysteresis on Rough Hydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"248","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.1021\/la0474565","article-title":"Drops Down the Hill: Theoretical Study of Limiting Contact Angles and the Hysteresis Range on a Tilted Plate","volume":"21","author":"Krasovitski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2005.05.062","article-title":"A Thermodynamic Approach for Determining the Contact Angle Hysteresis for Superhydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"292","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2739525","article-title":"Model for Solid-Liquid and Solid-Solid Friction of Rough Surfaces with Adhesion Hysteresis","volume":"126","author":"Nosonovsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bormashenko, E.Y. (2013). Wetting of Real Surfaces, De Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110258790"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811262106","article-title":"Scaling and Self-Organized Criticality in Proteins I","volume":"106","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2174\/092986612802762741","article-title":"Hydropathic Self-Organized Criticality: A Magic Wand for Protein Physics","volume":"19","author":"Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"Protein Peptide Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910445107","article-title":"Universal Distribution of Protein Evolution Rates as a Consequence of Protein Folding Physics","volume":"107","author":"Lobkovsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Koonin, E.V. (2011). The Logic of Chance: The Nature and Origin of Biological Evolution, FT Press."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21634","article-title":"Scaling Law for the Radius of Gyration of Proteins and its Dependence on Hydrophobicity","volume":"47","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Poly. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1185","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4470\/20\/17\/010","article-title":"Nondeterministic Approach to Anisotropic Growth-Patterns with Continuously Tunable Morphology\u2014The Fractal Properties of some Real Snowflakes","volume":"20","author":"Nittmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Phys. A Math. Gen."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"10","article-title":"Morphogenesis on Ice: The Physics of Snow Crystals","volume":"64","author":"Libbrecht","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/68\/4\/R03","article-title":"The Physics of Snow Crystals","volume":"68","author":"Libbrecht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rep. Progr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2825081","article-title":"Snow and Ice Crystals","volume":"60","author":"Furukawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Today"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Nishinaga, T. (2015). Handbook of Crystal Growth: Fundamentals: Thermodynamics and Kinetics. Volume 1A, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1139\/p03-014","article-title":"Reduction of Ice Adhesion to Metal by using Self-Assembling Monolayers (SAMs)","volume":"81","author":"Petrenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6267","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9632145","article-title":"Physical Mechanisms Responsible for Ice Adhesion","volume":"101","author":"Ryzhkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1163\/016942410X508064","article-title":"Prevention of Ice Accretion on Aluminum Surfaces by Enhancing their Hydrophobic Properties","volume":"25","author":"Saleema","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02194","article-title":"From Superhydrophobicity to Icephobicity: Forces and Interaction Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hejazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12596","DOI":"10.1021\/la503447f","article-title":"Role of Water Vapor Desublimation in the Adhesion of an Iced Droplet to a Superhydrophobic Surface","volume":"30","author":"Boinovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Laforte, C., and Beisswenger, A. (2005, January 12\u201316). Icephobic Material Centrifuge Adhesion Test. Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, IWAIS, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.07.063","article-title":"In Situ Growth of Superbydrophobic and Icephobic Films with micro\/nanoscale Hierarchical Structures on the Aluminum Substrate","volume":"410","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.07.119","article-title":"The Ice Repellency of Plasma Polymerized Hexamethyldisiloxane Coating","volume":"284","author":"Mobarakeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13414","DOI":"10.1021\/la402456c","article-title":"Ice Adhesion on Lubricant-Impregnated Textured Surfaces","volume":"29","author":"Subramanyam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1021\/la502675a","article-title":"Supercooled Water Drops Impacting Superhydrophobic Textures","volume":"30","author":"Maitra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.036102","article-title":"Rapid Deceleration-Driven Wetting Transition during Pendant Drop Deposition on Superhydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"106","author":"Kwon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12740","article-title":"Reducing the Contact Time of a Bouncing Drop","volume":"503","author":"Bird","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9936","DOI":"10.1021\/la201548k","article-title":"Exceptional Superhydrophobicity and Low Velocity Impact Icephobicity of Acetone-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Films","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat924","article-title":"Superhydrophobic States","volume":"2","author":"Lafuma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.184501","article-title":"Self-Propelled Dropwise Condensate on Superhydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"103","author":"Boreyko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3055048","article-title":"Delayed Frost Growth on Jumping-Drop Superhydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"7","author":"Boreyko","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02515","article-title":"Activating the Microscale Edge Effect in a Hierarchical Surface for Frosting Suppression and Defrosting Promotion","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muzenski, S., Flores-Vivian, I., and Sobolev, K. (,  2013). Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Fiber Reinforced Composites with Superhydrophobic Admixtures. Proceedings of the Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete, Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784413111.031"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13284","DOI":"10.1021\/am404272v","article-title":"Self-Assembling Particle-Siloxane Coatings for Superhydrophobic Concrete","volume":"5","author":"Hejazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.12.009","article-title":"Hydrophobic Engineered Cementitious Composites for Highway Applications","volume":"57","author":"Muzenski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Petrenko, V.F. (1994). The Surface of Ice, Special Report for US Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Dielectric Constant Values. Available online: http:\/\/www.clippercontrols.com\/pages\/Dielectric-Constant-Values.html."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033101","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/19\/3\/033101","article-title":"Nucleation: Theory and Applications to Protein Solutions and Colloidal Suspensions","volume":"19","author":"Sear","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"555","article-title":"\u00dcber keimbildung und keimwirkung als spezialf\u00e4lle der heterogenen katalyse","volume":"35","author":"Volmer","year":"1929","journal-title":"Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(70)90006-4","article-title":"Decoration Criteria for Surface Steps","volume":"18","author":"Sholl","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Metall."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.01.040","article-title":"Wetting Hysteresis Induced by Temperature Changes: Supercooled Water on Hydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"468","author":"Heydari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.1021\/la981727s","article-title":"The Lowest Surface Free Energy Based on -CF3 Alignment","volume":"15","author":"Nishino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Langmuir"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/18\/4\/132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:22:08Z","timestamp":1760210528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/18\/4\/132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["e18040132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e18040132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]]}}}