{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T21:15:41Z","timestamp":1771017341222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]],"date-time":"2016-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Chinese National Program on Key Basic Research Project","award":["2013CB329304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013CB329304"]}]},{"name":"the Chinese National Program on Key Basic Research Project","award":["2014CB744604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB744604"]}]},{"name":"the Chinese 863 Program","award":["2015AA015403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015AA015403"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61272265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61272265"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61402324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61402324"]}]},{"name":"the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China","award":["20130032120044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20130032120044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, Quantum Theory (QT) has been employed to advance the theory of Information Retrieval (IR). Various analogies between QT and IR have been established. Among them, a typical one is applying the idea of photon polarization in IR tasks, e.g., for document ranking and query expansion. In this paper, we aim to further extend this work by constructing a new superposed state of each document in the information need space, based on which we can incorporate the quantum interference idea in query expansion. We then apply the new quantum query expansion model to session search, which is a typical Web search task. Empirical evaluation on the large-scale Clueweb12 dataset has shown that the proposed model is effective in the session search tasks, demonstrating the potential of developing novel and effective IR models based on intuitions and formalisms of QT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e18040146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]],"date-time":"2016-04-18T10:37:17Z","timestamp":1460975837000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Quantum Query Expansion Approach for Session Search"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}]},{"given":"Jingfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}]},{"given":"Benyou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"},{"name":"Computing and Communications Department, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK"}]},{"given":"Yuexian","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1598-1601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Melucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padova PD 35122, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Rijsbergen, C.J. 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