{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T19:06:17Z","timestamp":1783105577190,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Selforganization is a process by which the interaction between the parts of a complex system gives rise to the spontaneous emergence of patterns, structures or functions. In this interaction the system elements exchange matter, energy and information. We focus our attention on the relations between selforganization and information in general and the way they are linked to cognitive processes in particular. We do so from the analytical and mathematical perspective of the \u201csecond foundation of synergetics\u201d and its \u201csynergetic computer\u201d and with reference to several forms of information: Shannon\u2019s information that deals with the quantity of a message irrespective of its meaning, semantic and pragmatic forms of information that deal with the meaning conveyed by messages and information adaptation that refers to the interplay between Shannon\u2019s information and semantic or pragmatic information. We first elucidate the relations between selforganization and information theoretically and mathematically and then by means of specific case studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e18060197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T11:12:12Z","timestamp":1465902732000},"page":"197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Information and Selforganization: A Unifying Approach and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hermann","family":"Haken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center of Synergetics, Pfaffenwaldring 57\/4, Stuttgart University, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juval","family":"Portugali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESLab (Environmental Simulation Lab), Department of Geography and the Human Environment, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Haken, H. (2006). Information and Self-Organization: A Macroscopic Approach to Complex Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Foerster, H. (2003). Understanding Understanding: Essays on Cybernetics and Cognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b97451"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Von Bertalanffy, L. (1976). General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, George Braziller."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haken, H. (2004). Synergetic Computers and Cognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10182-7"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haken, H., and Portugali, J. (2015). Information Adaptation: The Interplay between Shannonian and Semantic Information in Cognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11170-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haken, H. (2003). Synergetics: Introduction and Advanced Topics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10184-1"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Metaphysics, Tufts University Library. Book 8, section 1045a."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paslack, R. (1991). Urgeschichte der Selbstorganisation: Zur Archiiologie eines wissenschaftlichen Paradigmas, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. (In German).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-322-88776-4"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02295994","article-title":"Dynamics of the cerebral cortex automatic development of equilibrium in self-organizing systems","volume":"12","author":"Ashby","year":"1947","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nicolis, G., and Prigogine, I. (1977). Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order Through Fluctuations, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haken, H. (1977). Synergetics\u2014An Introduction. Nonequilibrium Phase Transition and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-96363-6"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Pelster, A., and Wunner, G. (2016). Self-organization in Complex Systems: The Past, Present, and Future of Synergetics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01383921","article-title":"A NonlinearTheory of Laser Noise and Coherence","volume":"181","author":"Haken","year":"1964","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Les tourbillons cellulaires dans une nappe liquide propageant de la chaleur par convection: En r\u00e9gime permanent","volume":"11","year":"1900","journal-title":"Rev. G\u00e9n. Sci. Pures Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2011). The Philosophy of Information, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199232383.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2015). Semantic Conceptions of Information, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"131","article-title":"Pragmatic Information: Historical Exposition and General Overview","volume":"4","author":"Graben","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mind Matter"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006308","article-title":"Receptive fields of single neurons in the cat\u2019s striate cortex","volume":"148","author":"Hubel","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837","article-title":"Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat\u2019s visual cortex","volume":"160","author":"Hubel","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1965.28.2.229","article-title":"Receptive fields and functional architecture in two nonstriate visual areas (18 and 19) of the cat","volume":"28","author":"Hubel","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Livingstone, M.S. (2002). Vision and Art: The Biology of Seeing, Harry N. Abrams."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194908","article-title":"Functional Compartmentalization and generalization Within the Macaque Face-Processing System","volume":"330","author":"Freiwald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Kandel, E. (2012). The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present, Random House."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4056","article-title":"Single-trial spike trains in parietal cortex reveal discrete steps during decision-making","volume":"349","author":"Latimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Wilson, R.A., and Foglia, L. (2011). Embodied Cognition, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Klyubin, A.S., Polani, D., and Nehaniv, C.L. (2005, January 5). Empowerment: A Universal Agent-Centric Measure of Control. Proceedings of 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Edinburgh, Scotland."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.43.6.129","article-title":"Anatomy and Physiology of Vision in the Frog (Rana pipiens)","volume":"43","author":"Maturana","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(03)00003-3","article-title":"The face of the city is its information","volume":"23","author":"Haken","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portugali, J. (2011). Complexity, Cognition and the City, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19451-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336922","article-title":"A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements","volume":"51","author":"Haken","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaynes, E.T. (1957). Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics. Phys. Rev., 106.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.106.620"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.108.171","article-title":"Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics. II","volume":"108","author":"Jaynes","year":"1957","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Guckenheimer, J., and Holmes, P. (2002). Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields, Springer. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01383512","article-title":"Distribution-and correlation functions for a laser amplitude","volume":"186","author":"Risken","year":"1965","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.2.1170","article-title":"Analogy between the Laser Threshold Region and a Second-Order Phase Transition","volume":"2","author":"Scully","year":"1970","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01400474","article-title":"Laserlight\u2014First example of a second order phase transition far from thermal equilibrium","volume":"237","author":"Graham","year":"1970","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.3390\/e14112100","article-title":"A free energy principle for biological systems","volume":"14","author":"Friston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Gibson, J.J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, Houghton-Mifflin."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Haken, H., and Portugali, J. (1996). GeoJournal Library, Kluwer Academic Publishers."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haken, H. (1996). Principles of Brain Functioning: A Synergetic Approach to Brain Activity, Behavior and Cognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-79570-1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atmanspacher, H., and Demmel, G. (2015). Reproducibility: Principles, Problems, Practices, Prospects, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118865064"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1139\/p90-105","article-title":"Pragmatic information and dynamical instabilities in a multimode continuous-wave dye laser","volume":"68","author":"Atmanspacher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.12.023","article-title":"Origin, structure, and role of background EEG activity. Part 3. Neural frame classification","volume":"116","author":"Freeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haken, H. (2002). Brain dynamics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-46284-2"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friston, K., Adams, R.A., Perrinet, L., and Breakspeare, M. (2012). Perceptions as hypotheses: Saccades as experiments. Front. Psychol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00151"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Anselmi, F., Leibo, J.Z., Rosasco, L., Mutch, J., Tacchetti, A., and Poggio, T. (2014). Unsupervised learning of invariant representations with low sample complexity: the magic of sensory cortex or a new framework for machine learning?."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-48779-8_1","article-title":"Synergetics as a tool for the Conceptionalization and Mathematization of Cognition and Behaviour\u2014How Far can we go?","volume":"Volume 45","author":"Haken","year":"1990","journal-title":"Synergetics of Cognition"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rentschler, I., Herzberger, B., and Epstein, D. (1988). Beauty and the Brain: Biological Aspects of Aesthetics, Birkh\u00e4user.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-6350-6"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00205968","article-title":"Pattern Recognition and Associative Memory as Dynamical Processes in a Synergetic System","volume":"60","author":"Fuchs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, W. (1940). Dynamics in Psychology, Liveright."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00410385","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt, I: Prinzipielle Bemerkungen [Investigations in Gestalt Theory: I. The general theoretical situation]","volume":"1","author":"Wertheimer","year":"1922","journal-title":"Psychol. Forsch."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00410640","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt, II. [Investigations In Gestalt Theory: II. Laws of organization in perceptual forms]","volume":"4","author":"Wertheimer","year":"1923","journal-title":"Psychol. Forsch."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(70)90002-2","article-title":"Second-order Isomorphism of Internal Representations: Shapes of States","volume":"1","author":"Shephard","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701","article-title":"Mental Rotation of Three-dimensional Objects","volume":"171","author":"Shephard","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Kosslyn, S.M. (1980). Image and Mind, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pylyshyn, Z.W. (1984). Computation and Cognition: Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2004.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.4.1.47","article-title":"Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning","volume":"4","author":"Kosslyn","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00199577","article-title":"The impact of fluctuations on the recognition of ambiguous patterns","volume":"63","author":"Ditzinger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203175","article-title":"Oscillations in the perception of ambiguous patterns","volume":"61","author":"Ditzinger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1997.0667","article-title":"Coarse Blobs or Fine Edges? Evidence That Information Diagnosticity Changes the Perception of Complex Visual Stimuli","volume":"34","author":"Oliva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-4079(07)60809-4","article-title":"Hybrid images: Now you see them","volume":"2597","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.5095","article-title":"Human saccadic eye movements","volume":"7","author":"Findlay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"The global effect: what determines where the eyes land?","volume":"4","author":"Nijboer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.07.005","article-title":"Saccade target selection: do distractors affect saccade accuracy?","volume":"49","author":"Findlay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Delgadio-Garcia, J.M., Godeaux, M., and Vidal, P.P. (1994). Information Processing Underlying Gaze Control, Pergamon."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019575","article-title":"A Biological Realistic Cortical Model of Eye Movement Control in Reading","volume":"117","author":"Heinzle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarbus, A.L. (1967). Eye Movements and Vision, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-5379-7"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12049","article-title":"Where do features come from?","volume":"38","author":"Hinton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"340","article-title":"Letter to the Editor: The Kullback\u2013Leibler distance","volume":"41","author":"Kullback","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1068\/p250931","article-title":"Disambiguating complex visual information: Towards communication of personal views of a scene","volume":"25","author":"Pomplun","year":"1996","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.09.006","article-title":"Human gaze control during real-world scene perception","volume":"7","author":"Henderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-014-0642-0","article-title":"Interplaying mechanisms of visual guidance in naturalistic language production","volume":"16","author":"Coco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Process."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00222899709600825","article-title":"Keeping the body straight in the locomotion of normal and dopamine stimulant treated rats","volume":"29","author":"Golani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Motor Behav."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00085-4","article-title":"Phenotyping stereotypic behaviour: collective variables, range of variation and predictability","volume":"65","author":"Golani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-011-0400-y","article-title":"City rats: Insight from rat spatial behavior into human cognition in urban environments","volume":"14","author":"Yaski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.07.055","article-title":"Arena geometry and path shape: When rats travel in straight or in circuitous paths?","volume":"225","author":"Yaski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12646","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1872-14.2014","article-title":"Emergent Exploration via Novelty Management","volume":"34","author":"Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.16.2.227","article-title":"Phase transitions and critical fluctuations in the visual coordination of rhythmic movements between people","volume":"16","author":"Schmidt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/259557a0","article-title":"The pace of life","volume":"259","author":"Bornstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916589212001","article-title":"The pace of pedestrian flows in cities","volume":"21","author":"Walmsley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022199030002003","article-title":"The Pace of Life in 31 Countries","volume":"30","author":"Levine","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610172104","article-title":"Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities","volume":"104","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigerenzer, G. (2015). Simply Rational: Decision Making in the Real World, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199390076.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3924.1461","article-title":"The Experience of Living in Cities","volume":"167","author":"Milgram","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"56","article-title":"Integrated information theory of consciousness: An updated account","volume":"150","author":"Tononi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Dehaene, S. (2014). Consciousness and the Brain, Viking Press."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1990.055.01.089","article-title":"Some Reflections on Visual Awareness","volume":"55","author":"Crick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quantative Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"263","article-title":"Toward a neurobiological theory of consciousness","volume":"2","author":"Crick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"371","article-title":"Contributions to the physiology of vision.\u2014Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phenomena of binocular vision","volume":"128","author":"Wheatstone","year":"1838","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01332-7","article-title":"Multistable phenomena: changing views in perception","volume":"3","author":"Leopold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00290512","article-title":"Reversal time distribution in the perception of visual ambiguous stimuli","volume":"10","author":"Borsellino","year":"1972","journal-title":"Kybernetik"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Cul, A., Baillet, S., and Dehaene, S. (2007). Brain dynamics underlying the nonlinear threshold for Access to Consciousness. PLoS Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050260"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haken, H. (1983). Advanced Synergetics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45553-7"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haken, H. (1979). Pattern Formation by Dynamic Systems and Pattern Recognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67480-8"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness","volume":"79","author":"Dehaene","year":"2001","journal-title":"Basic evidence and workspace frame work. Cognition"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1301P","article-title":"Stimulus-dependent neuronal oscillations in the cat visual cortex area 17","volume":"22","author":"Gray","year":"1987","journal-title":"IBRO Abstr. Neurosci. Lett. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80820-X","article-title":"The temporal correlation hypothesis: Still alive and well","volume":"24","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80821-1","article-title":"Neural synchrony: A versatile code for the definition of relation?","volume":"24","author":"Singer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Kandel, E.R. (1979). Behavioral Biology of Aplysia: A Contribution to the Comparative Study of Epistobranch Molluscs, W.H. Freeman."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busemeyer, J.R., and Bruza, P.D. (2012). Quantum Models of Cognition and Decision, University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511997716"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackley, D.H., Hinton, G.E., and Sejnowski, T.J. (1985). Cogn. Sci., 9, 147\u2013169.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0364-0213(85)80012-4"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/18\/6\/197\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:26Z","timestamp":1760210726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/18\/6\/197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["e18060197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e18060197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]}}}