{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:51:49Z","timestamp":1787316709825,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the unconditionally secure theory of the Quantum Key Distribution (Q K D), several attacks have been successfully implemented against commercial Q K D systems. Those systems have exhibited some flaws, as the secret key rate of corresponding protocols remains unaltered, while the eavesdropper obtains the entire secret key. We propose the negative acknowledgment state quantum key distribution protocol as a novel protocol capable of detecting the eavesdropping activity of the Intercept Resend with Faked Sates (I R F S) attack without requiring additional optical components different from the     B B 84     protocol because the system can be implemented as a high software module. In this approach, the transmitter interleaves pairs of quantum states, referred to here as parallel and orthogonal states, while the receiver uses active basis selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T04:09:09Z","timestamp":1482466149000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Quantum Key Distribution in the Presence of the Intercept-Resend with Faked States Attack"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5109-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Lizama-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Department, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahag\u00fan, Km. 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa B\u00e1rbara, Municipio de Zempoala, Hidalgo 43830, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Management, Cinvestav Quer\u00e9taro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Real de Juriquilla, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"De Carlos L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Time and Frequency Laboratory, Centro Nacional De Metrolog\u00eda, Carretera a Los Cu\u00e9s Km. 4.5, El Marqu\u00e9s, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76246, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bennett, C.H. (1984, January 10\u201319). 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