{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:28:59Z","timestamp":1787765339369,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]],"date-time":"2016-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuously growing framework of information dynamics encompasses a set of tools, rooted in information theory and statistical physics, which allow to quantify different aspects of the statistical structure of multivariate processes reflecting the temporal dynamics of complex networks. Building on the most recent developments in this field, this work designs a complete approach to dissect the information carried by the target of a network of multiple interacting systems into the new information produced by the system, the information stored in the system, and the information transferred to it from the other systems; information storage and transfer are then further decomposed into amounts eliciting the specific contribution of assigned source systems to the target dynamics, and amounts reflecting information modification through the balance between redundant and synergetic interaction between systems. These decompositions are formulated quantifying information either as the variance or as the entropy of the investigated processes, and their exact computation for the case of linear Gaussian processes is presented. The theoretical properties of the resulting measures are first investigated in simulations of vector autoregressive processes. Then, the measures are applied to assess information dynamics in cardiovascular networks from the variability series of heart period, systolic arterial pressure and respiratory activity measured in healthy subjects during supine rest, orthostatic stress, and mental stress. Our results document the importance of combining the assessment of information storage, transfer and modification to investigate common and complementary aspects of network dynamics; suggest the higher specificity to alterations in the network properties of the measures derived from the decompositions; and indicate that measures of information transfer and information modification are better assessed, respectively, through entropy-based and variance-based implementations of the framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1482924134000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Information Decomposition in Multivariate Systems: Definitions, Implementation and Application to Cardiovascular Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Faes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento 38123, Italy"},{"name":"BIOtech, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan 20097, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giandomenico","family":"Nollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento 38123, Italy"},{"name":"BIOtech, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Javorka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, Martin 03601, Slovakia"},{"name":"Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, Martin 03601, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente, R., Wibral, M., and Lizier, J.T. (2014). Directed Information Measures in Neuroscience, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54474-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lizier, J.T. (2013). The Local Information Dynamics of Distributed Computation in Complex Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32952-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wibral, M., Lizier, J.T., and Priesemann, V. (2015). Bits from biology for biologically-inspired computing. Front. Robot. AI, 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2015.00005"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.86.041901","article-title":"Framework to study dynamic dependencies in networks of interacting processes","volume":"86","author":"Chicharro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032904","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.91.032904","article-title":"Estimating the decomposition of predictive information in multivariate systems","volume":"91","author":"Faes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.04.016","article-title":"Local measures of information storage in complex distributed computation","volume":"208","author":"Lizier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wibral, M., Lizier, J.T., Vogler, S., Priesemann, V., and Galuske, R. (2015). Local Active Information Storage as a Tool to Understand Distributed Neural Information Processing, Frontiers Media SA.","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00001"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.461","article-title":"Measuring information transfer","volume":"85","author":"Schreiber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente, R., Wibral, M., and Lizier, J.T. (2014). Directed Information Measures in Neuroscience, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54474-3"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3486801","article-title":"Information modification and particle collisions in distributed computation","volume":"20","author":"Lizier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faes, L., Marinazzo, D., Stramaglia, S., Jurysta, F., Porta, A., and Nollo, G. (2016). Predictability decomposition detects the impairment of brain-heart dynamical networks during sleep disorders and their recovery with treatment. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 374.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0177"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3390\/e17010277","article-title":"Information Decomposition in Bivariate Systems: Theory and Application to Cardiorespiratory Dynamics","volume":"17","author":"Faes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porta, A., Faes, L., Nollo, G., Bari, V., Marchi, A., De Maria, B., Takahashi, A.C.M., and Catai, A.M. (2015). Conditional Self-Entropy and Conditional Joint Transfer Entropy in Heart Period Variability during Graded Postural Challenge. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132851"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2476824","article-title":"Wiener-Granger Causality in Network Physiology with Applications to Cardiovascular Control and Neuroscience","volume":"104","author":"Porta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066211","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.86.066211","article-title":"Expanding the transfer entropy to identify information circuits in complex systems","volume":"86","author":"Stramaglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.91.052802","article-title":"Exploration of synergistic and redundant information sharing in static and dynamical Gaussian systems","volume":"91","author":"Barrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Williams, P.L. (2010). Nonnegative decomposition of multivariate information. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177203","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.177203","article-title":"Information flow in a kinetic Ising model peaks in the disordered phase","volume":"111","author":"Barnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"85","article-title":"Using transfer entropy to measure information flows between financial markets","volume":"17","author":"Dimpfl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stud. Nonlinear Dyn. Econom."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/16\/10\/105005","article-title":"Information dynamics of brain-heart physiological networks during sleep","volume":"16","author":"Faes","year":"2014","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2013.02.013","article-title":"Investigating the mechanisms of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulation in orthostatic syncope through an information decomposition strategy","volume":"178","author":"Faes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez, C., Lizier, J.T., Schaum, M., Wollstadt, P., Grutzner, C., Uhlhaas, P., Freitag, C.M., Schlitt, S., Bolte, S., and Hornero, R. (2015). Reduced Predictable Information in Brain Signals in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Frontiers Media.","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00009"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00040","article-title":"Information Dynamics in Small-World Boolean Networks","volume":"17","author":"Lizier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Artif. Life"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.05.016","article-title":"Application of information theory methods to food web reconstruction","volume":"208","author":"Moniz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pahle, J., Green, A.K., Dixon, C.J., and Kummer, U. (2008). Information transfer in signaling pathways: A study using coupled simulated and experimental data. BMC Bioinform., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-139"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061121","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.86.061121","article-title":"Quantifying causal coupling strength: A lag-specific measure for multivariate time series related to transfer entropy","volume":"86","author":"Runge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105003","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/16\/10\/105003","article-title":"Synergy and redundancy in the Granger causal analysis of dynamical networks","volume":"16","author":"Stramaglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2010.11.006","article-title":"Transfer entropy in magnetoencephalographic data: Quantifying information flow in cortical and cerebellar networks","volume":"105","author":"Wibral","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00301","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00301","article-title":"Disentangling cardiovascular control mechanisms during head-down tilt via joint transfer entropy and self-entropy decompositions","volume":"6","author":"Porta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/2\/276","article-title":"Effect of variations of the complexity of the target variable on the assessment of Wiener-Granger causality in cardiovascular control studies","volume":"37","author":"Porta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Meas."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/36\/4\/683","article-title":"Linear and non-linear brain-heart and brain-brain interactions during sleep","volume":"36","author":"Faes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porta, A., De Maria, B., Bari, V., Marchi, A., and Faes, L. (2016). Are nonlinear model-free approaches for the assessment of the entropy-based complexity of the cardiac control superior to a linear model-based one?. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2600160"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javorka, M., Czippelova, B., Turianikova, Z., Lazarova, Z., Tonhajzerova, I., and Faes, L. (2016). Causal analysis of short-term cardiovascular variability: state-dependent contribution of feedback and feedforward mechanisms. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1492-y"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cover, T.M., and Thomas, J.A. (2006). Elements of Information Theory, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/047174882X"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.238701","article-title":"Granger causality and transfer entropy are equivalent for Gaussian variables","volume":"103","author":"Barnett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041907","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.81.041907","article-title":"Multivariate Granger causality and generalized variance","volume":"81","author":"Barrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2323131","article-title":"Lag-Specific Transfer Entropy as a Tool to Assess Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory Information Transfer","volume":"61","author":"Faes","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.2.482","article-title":"Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain","volume":"84","author":"Malliani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1996). Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Eur. Heart J., 17, 354\u2013381.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0617t.x","article-title":"Human response to upright tilt: A window on central autonomic integration","volume":"517","author":"Cooke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01285.2007","article-title":"Neurovascular responses to mental stress in the supine and upright postures","volume":"104","author":"Kuipers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02518911","article-title":"Model for the assessment of heart period and arterial pressure variability interactions and of respiration influences","volume":"32","author":"Baselli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.017483","article-title":"Short-term cardiovascular oscillations in man: measuring and modelling the physiologies","volume":"542","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"140513","article-title":"Measuring connectivity in linear multivariate processes: Definitions, interpretation, and practical analysis","volume":"2012","author":"Faes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"H1240","article-title":"Baroreflex gain: characterization using autoregressive moving average analysis","volume":"270","author":"Patton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2232","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1995.268.6.H2232","article-title":"Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia\u2014Time-Domain Characterization Using Autoregressive Moving Average Analysis","volume":"268","author":"Triedman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R41","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/26\/3\/R01","article-title":"System identification: a multi-signal approach for probing neural cardiovascular regulation","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Meas."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"143","article-title":"Synchronization index for quantifying nonlinear causal coupling between RR interval and systolic arterial pressure after myocardial infarction","volume":"27","author":"Nollo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis, Pearson."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimension of a model","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.4.1826","article-title":"Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability to assess the change in sympathovagal balance during graded orthostatic tilt","volume":"90","author":"Montano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H702","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00006.2007","article-title":"Assessment of cardiac autonomic modulation during graded head-up tilt by symbolic analysis of heart rate variability","volume":"293","author":"Porta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.07.009","article-title":"Cardio-respiratory coupling depends on the pons","volume":"168","author":"Dick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Miyakawa, K., Koepchen, H.P., and Polosa, C. (1984). Mechanism of Blood Pressure Waves, Japan Science Society Press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2011.00080","article-title":"Information domain approach to the investigation of cardio-vascular, cardio-pulmonary, and vasculo-pulmonary causal couplings","volume":"2","author":"Faes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2011.02.007","article-title":"Non-uniform multivariate embedding to assess the information transfer in cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory variability series","volume":"42","author":"Faes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/7\/1319","article-title":"Complexity and time asymmetry of heart rate variability are altered in acute mental stress","volume":"35","author":"Visnovcova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widjaja, D., Montalto, A., Vlemincx, E., Marinazzo, D., Van Huffel, S., and Faes, L. (2015). Cardiorespiratory Information Dynamics during Mental Arithmetic and Sustained Attention. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129112"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00595-7","article-title":"Effects of controlled breathing, mental activity and mental stress with or without verbalization on heart rate variability","volume":"35","author":"Bernardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3940427","article-title":"Contribution of tonic vagal modulation of heart rate, central respiratory drive, respiratory depth, and respiratory frequency to respiratory sinus arrhythmia during mental stress and physical exercise","volume":"39","author":"Houtveen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(94)90024-8","article-title":"Effect of mental stress throughout the day on cardiac autonomic control","volume":"37","author":"Sloan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451857","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/451857","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory dynamic response to mental stress: a multivariate time-frequency analysis","volume":"2013","author":"Widjaja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1109\/10.887936","article-title":"Prediction of short cardiovascular variability signals based on conditional distribution","volume":"47","author":"Porta","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R378","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00553.2010","article-title":"Causal relationships between heart period and systolic arterial pressure during graded head-up tilt","volume":"300","author":"Porta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comput. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00251.x","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: opposite effects on systolic and mean arterial pressure in supine humans","volume":"536","author":"Elstad","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.01.001","article-title":"Phase synchronization of hemodynamic variables and respiration during mental challenge","volume":"79","author":"Lackner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/19\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:29:16Z","timestamp":1760210956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/19\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["e19010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e19010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]]}}}