{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:44:44Z","timestamp":1790664284133,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,14]],"date-time":"2017-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Experimental results show that ratchets may be implemented in semiconductor and chemical systems, bypassing the second law and opening up huge gains in energy production. This paper summarizes or describes experiments and results on systems that effect demons and ratchets operating in chemical or electrical domains. One creates temperature differences that can be harvested by a heat engine. A second produces light with only heat input. A third produces harvestable electrical potential directly. These systems share creating particles in one location, destroying them in another and moving them between locations by diffusion (Brownian motion). All absorb ambient heat as they produce other energy forms. None requires an external hot and cold side. The economic and social impacts of these conversions of ambient heat to work are, of course, well-understood and huge. The experimental results beg for serious work on the chance that they are valid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19010034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T09:44:02Z","timestamp":1484559842000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Implementing Demons and Ratchets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Orem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ThermaWatts, LLC, Renton, WA 98057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Orem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ThermaWatts, LLC, Renton, WA 98057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/e6010001","article-title":"Special Issue on Quantum Limits to the Second Law of Thermodynamics","volume":"6","author":"Nikulov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheehan, D.P. (2011, January 14\u201315). Second law of thermodynamics: Status and challenges. Proceedings of the AIP Conference, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3665227"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ThermaWatts, LLC. Available online: http:\/\/www.ThermaWatts.com."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032125","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.88.032125","article-title":"Nonequilibrium heterogenous catalysis in long term mean-free-path regime","volume":"88","author":"Sheehan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014030","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/2012\/T151\/014030","article-title":"Steady-state non-equilibrium temperature gradients in hydrogen gas-metal systems: Challenging the second law of thermodynamics","volume":"2012","author":"Sheehan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. 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(US 20140159582), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1101(93)90083-3","article-title":"Numerical Modeling of Abrupt Heterojunctions Using a Thermionic-Field Emission Boundary Condition","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Solid State Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.3390\/e15114700","article-title":"Thermoelectric Effects under Adiabatic Conditions","volume":"15","author":"Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3601358","article-title":"A High Temperature Apparatus for Measurement of Seebeck Coefficient","volume":"82","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/19\/1\/34\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:26:13Z","timestamp":1760207173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/19\/1\/34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,14]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["e19010034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e19010034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,14]]}}}