{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T20:17:00Z","timestamp":1772223420568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]],"date-time":"2017-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["Nos. 2016YFC0803101 and 2016YFC0803108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 2016YFC0803101 and 2016YFC0803108"]}]},{"name":"the public welfare industry research special fund program under grant","award":["No. 201512032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 201512032"]}]},{"name":"the key laboratory of watershed ecology and geographical environment monitoring, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation","award":["WE2016005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WE2016005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the national natural science foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41004003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41004003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the natural science foundation of Jiangsu province, China","award":["BE2016701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2016701"]}]},{"name":"the natural science foundation of Lianyungang city, China","award":["SH1506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SH1506"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To capture both global stationarity and spatiotemporal non-stationarity, a novel mixed geographically and temporally weighted regression (MGTWR) model accounting for global and local effects in both space and time is presented. Since the constant and spatial-temporal varying coefficients could not be estimated in one step, a two-stage least squares estimation is introduced to calibrate the model. Both simulations and real-world datasets are used to test and verify the performance of the proposed MGTWR model. Additionally, an Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is adopted as a key model fitting diagnostic. The experiments demonstrate that the MGTWR model yields more accurate results than do traditional spatially weighted regression models. For instance, the MGTWR model decreased AIC value by 2.7066, 36.368 and 112.812 with respect to those of the mixed geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model and by 45.5628, \u221238.774 and 35.656 with respect to those of the geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) model for the three simulation datasets. Moreover, compared to the MGWR and GTWR models, the MGTWR model obtained the lowest AIC value and mean square error (MSE) and the highest coefficient of determination (R2) and adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj). In addition, our experiments proved the existence of both global stationarity and spatiotemporal non-stationarity, as well as the practical ability of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19020053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]],"date-time":"2017-01-26T09:55:23Z","timestamp":1485424523000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Mixed Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression: Exploring Spatial-Temporal Variations from Global and Local Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Government GIS, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, No. 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Government GIS, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, No. 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Huaihai Institute of Technology, No. 57 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China"}]},{"given":"Shenghua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Government GIS, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, No. 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Fuhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Government GIS, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, No. 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Government GIS, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, No. 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Government GIS, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, No. 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Agen","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Government GIS, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, No. 28 Lianhuachi West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100830, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x","article-title":"Geographically weighted regression: A method for exploring spatial nonstationarity","volume":"28","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geogr. 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