{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T05:48:33Z","timestamp":1762926513578,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]],"date-time":"2017-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At its origins, thermodynamics was the study of heat and engines. Carnot transformed it into a scientific discipline by explaining engine power in terms of transfer of \u201ccaloric\u201d. That idea became the second law of thermodynamics when Thomson and Clausius reconciled Carnot\u2019s theory with Joule\u2019s conflicting thesis that power was derived from the consumption of heat, which was determined to be a form of energy. Eventually, Clausius formulated the 2nd-law as the universal entropy growth principle: the synthesis of transfer vs. consumption led to what became known as the mechanical theory of heat (MTH). However, by making universal-interconvertibility the cornerstone of MTH their synthesis-project was a defective one, which precluded MTH from developing the full expression of the second law. This paper reiterates that universal-interconvertibility is demonstrably false\u2014as the case has been made by many others\u2014by clarifying the true meaning of the mechanical equivalent of heat. And, presents a two-part formulation of the second law: universal entropy growth principle as well as a new principle that no change in Nature happens without entropy growth potential. With the new principle as its cornerstone replacing universal-interconvertibility, thermodynamics transcends the defective MTH and becomes a coherent conceptual system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19020057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T11:36:30Z","timestamp":1485776190000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Second Law: From Carnot to Thomson-Clausius, to the Theory of Exergy, and to the Entropy-Growth Potential Principle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lin-Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14786445108646819","article-title":"On the moving force of heat, and the laws regarding the nature of heat itself which are deductible therefrom","volume":"2","author":"Clausius","year":"1851","journal-title":"Philos. 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