{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:19:51Z","timestamp":1792790391468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper analyses the complexity of multivariate electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in different frequency scales for the analysis and classification of focal and non-focal EEG signals. The proposed multivariate sub-band entropy measure has been built based on tunable-Q wavelet transform (TQWT). In the field of multivariate entropy analysis, recent studies have performed analysis of biomedical signals with a multi-level filtering approach. This approach has become a useful tool for measuring inherent complexity of the biomedical signals. However, these methods may not be well suited for quantifying the complexity of the individual multivariate sub-bands of the analysed signal. In this present study, we have tried to resolve this difficulty by employing TQWT for analysing the sub-band signals of the analysed multivariate signal. It should be noted that higher value of Q factor is suitable for analysing signals with oscillatory nature, whereas the lower value of Q factor is suitable for analysing signals with non-oscillatory transients in nature. Moreover, with an increased number of sub-bands and a higher value of Q-factor, a reasonably good resolution can be achieved simultaneously in high and low frequency regions of the considered signals. Finally, we have employed multivariate fuzzy entropy (mvFE) to the multivariate sub-band signals obtained from the analysed signal. The proposed Q-based multivariate sub-band entropy has been studied on the publicly available bivariate Bern Barcelona focal and non-focal EEG signals database to investigate the statistical significance of the proposed features in different time segmented signals. Finally, the features are fed to random forest and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) classifiers to select the best classifier. Our method has achieved the highest classification accuracy of 84.67% in classifying focal and non-focal EEG signals with LS-SVM classifier. The proposed multivariate sub-band fuzzy entropy can also be applied to measure complexity of other multivariate biomedical signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19030099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T11:30:04Z","timestamp":1488540604000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Tunable-Q Wavelet Transform Based Multivariate Sub-Band Fuzzy Entropy with Application to Focal EEG Signal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram","family":"Pachori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U.","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, SIM University, Singapore 599491, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.810708","article-title":"Special issue on epileptic seizure prediction","volume":"50","author":"Witte","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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