{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:14:13Z","timestamp":1788948853335,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It was first suggested by David Z. Albert that the existence of a real, physical non-unitary process (i.e., \u201ccollapse\u201d) at the quantum level would yield a complete explanation for the Second Law of Thermodynamics (i.e., the increase in entropy over time). The contribution of such a process would be to provide a physical basis for the ontological indeterminacy needed to derive the irreversible Second Law against a backdrop of otherwise reversible, deterministic physical laws. An alternative understanding of the source of this possible quantum \u201ccollapse\u201d or non-unitarity is presented herein, in terms of the Transactional Interpretation (TI). The present model provides a specific physical justification for Boltzmann\u2019s often-criticized assumption of molecular randomness (Stosszahlansatz), thereby changing its status from an ad hoc postulate to a theoretically grounded result, without requiring any change to the basic quantum theory. In addition, it is argued that TI provides an elegant way of reconciling, via indeterministic collapse, the time-reversible Liouville evolution with the time-irreversible evolution inherent in so-called \u201cmaster equations\u201d that specify the changes in occupation of the various possible states in terms of the transition rates between them. The present model is contrasted with the Ghirardi\u2013Rimini\u2013Weber (GRW) \u201cspontaneous collapse\u201d theory previously suggested for this purpose by Albert.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19030106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T11:12:17Z","timestamp":1489057937000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["On Quantum Collapse as a Basis for the Second Law of Thermodynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Kastner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Feynman, R.P., and Hibbs, A.R. (1965). 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