{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T03:57:48Z","timestamp":1782359868018,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1530126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1530126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Specific emitter identification (SEI) techniques are often used in civilian and military spectrum-management operations, and they are also applied to support the security and authentication of wireless communication. In this letter, a new SEI method based on the natural measure of the one-dimensional component of the chaotic system is proposed. We find that the natural measures of the one-dimensional components of higher dimensional systems exist and that they are quite diverse for different systems. Based on this principle, the natural measure is used as an RF fingerprint in this letter. The natural measure can solve the problems caused by a small amount of data and a low sample rate. The Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence is used to quantify the difference between the natural measures obtained from diverse emitters and classify them. The data obtained from real application are exploited to test the validity of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method is not only easy to operate, but also quite effective, even though the amount of data is small and the sample rate is low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19030117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T11:39:26Z","timestamp":1489577966000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Specific Emitter Identification Based on the Natural Measure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"Southwest Electronics and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengli","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2138-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.07.155","article-title":"Radar emitter recognition based on cyclostationary signatures and sequential iterative least-square estimation","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. 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