{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T16:59:52Z","timestamp":1763830792931,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,29]],"date-time":"2017-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we propose a novel method to investigate P300 variability over different trials. The method incorporates spatial correlation between EEG channels to form a cooperative coupled particle filtering method that tracks the P300 subcomponents, P3a and P3b, over trials. Using state space systems, the amplitude, latency, and width of each subcomponent are modeled as the main underlying parameters. With four electrodes, two coupled Rao-Blackwellised particle filter pairs are used to recursively estimate the system state over trials. A number of physiological constraints are also imposed to avoid generating invalid particles in the estimation process. Motivated by the bilateral symmetry of ERPs over the brain, the channels further share their estimates with their neighbors and combine the received information to obtain a more accurate and robust solution. The proposed algorithm is capable of estimating the P300 subcomponents in single trials and outperforms its non-cooperative counterpart.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19050199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T11:37:20Z","timestamp":1493725040000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cooperative Particle Filtering for Tracking ERP Subcomponents from Multichannel EEG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Monajemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delaram","family":"Jarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sim-Heng","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Sanei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00027-3","article-title":"Differential pathophysiological mechanisms of reduced P300 amplitude in schizophrenia and depression: A single trial analysis","volume":"25","author":"Wagner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schizophr. 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