{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:39:48Z","timestamp":1772102388730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,29]],"date-time":"2017-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Convective heat transfer and entropy generation in a 3D closed cavity, equipped with adiabatic-driven baffle and filled with CNT (carbon nanotube)-water nanofluid, are numerically investigated for a range of Rayleigh numbers from 103 to 105. This research is conducted for three configurations; fixed baffle (V = 0), rotating baffle clockwise (V+) and rotating baffle counterclockwise (V\u2212) and a range of CNT concentrations from 0 to 15%. Governing equations are formulated using potential vector vorticity formulation in its three-dimensional form, then solved by the finite volume method. The effects of motion direction of the inserted driven baffle and CNT concentration on heat transfer and entropy generation are studied. It was observed that for low Rayleigh numbers, the motion of the driven baffle enhances heat transfer regardless of its direction and the CNT concentration effect is negligible. However, with an increasing Rayleigh number, adding driven baffle increases the heat transfer only when it moves in the direction of the decreasing temperature gradient; elsewhere, convective heat transfer cannot be enhanced due to flow blockage at the corners of the baffle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19050200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T11:37:20Z","timestamp":1493725040000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Effects of Movable-Baffle on Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation in a Cavity Saturated by CNT Suspensions: Three-Dimensional Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Rashed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive and Marine Engineering Technology, College of Technological Studies, The Public Authority of Applied Education and Training, 13092 Kuwait City, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Aich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ha\u00efl University, 2440 Ha\u00efl City, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Mat\u00e9riaux, Energie et Energies Renouvelables MEER, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Gafsa, Sidi Ahmed Zarroug, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-7458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lioua","family":"Kolsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ha\u00efl University, 2440 Ha\u00efl City, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche de M\u00e9trologie et des Syst\u00e8mes Energ\u00e9tiques, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Mahian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Energies, Magnetism and Nanotechnology Lab, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9187147578 Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Babylon University, 51002 Babylon City, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Borjini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche de M\u00e9trologie et des Syst\u00e8mes Energ\u00e9tiques, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.05.071","article-title":"Performance of CNT-water nanofluid as coolant fluid in shell and tube intercooler of a LPG absorber tower","volume":"102","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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