{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:26:12Z","timestamp":1778923572786,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"DARPA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR0011-16-C0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR0011-16-C0016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US National Science Foundation"},{"name":"US AFOSR"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent work, we have illustrated the construction of an exploration geometry on free energy surfaces: the adaptive computer-assisted discovery of an approximate low-dimensional manifold on which the effective dynamics of the system evolves. Constructing such an exploration geometry involves geometry-biased sampling (through both appropriately-initialized unbiased molecular dynamics and through restraining potentials) and, machine learning techniques to organize the intrinsic geometry of the data resulting from the sampling (in particular, diffusion maps, possibly enhanced through the appropriate Mahalanobis-type metric). In this contribution, we detail a method for exploring the conformational space of a stochastic gradient system whose effective free energy surface depends on a smaller number of degrees of freedom than the dimension of the phase space. Our approach comprises two steps. First, we study the local geometry of the free energy landscape using diffusion maps on samples computed through stochastic dynamics. This allows us to automatically identify the relevant coarse variables. Next, we use the information garnered in the previous step to construct a new set of initial conditions for subsequent trajectories. These initial conditions are computed so as to explore the accessible conformational space more efficiently than by continuing the previous, unbiased simulations. We showcase this method on a representative test system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19070294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T10:11:35Z","timestamp":1498126295000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Exploration Algorithm for Stochastic Simulators Driven by Energy Gradients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Georgiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Bello-Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Gear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hau-Tieng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto, Room 6290, 40 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6165-7434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliodoro","family":"Chiavazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kevrekidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"},{"name":"TUM Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, D.E., Grossman, J., Bank, J.A., Batson, B., Butts, J.A., Chao, J.C., Deneroff, M.M., Dror, R.O., Even, A., and Fenton, C.H. 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