{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T06:05:38Z","timestamp":1760853938421,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Science Foundation (FWF)","award":["P25529-N20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P25529-N20"]}]},{"name":"EU COST Action","award":["CA15220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA15220"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID 58158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID 58158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The validity of the Pauli exclusion principle\u2014a building block of Quantum Mechanics\u2014is tested for electrons. The VIP (violation of Pauli exclusion principle) and its follow-up VIP-2 experiments at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso search for X-rays from copper atomic transitions that are prohibited by the Pauli exclusion principle. The candidate events\u2014if they exist\u2014originate from the transition of a     2 p     orbit electron to the ground state which is already occupied by two electrons. The present limit on the probability for Pauli exclusion principle violation for electrons set by the VIP experiment is     4.7 \u00d7  10  \u2212 29      . We report a first result from the VIP-2 experiment improving on the VIP limit, which solidifies the final goal of achieving a two orders of magnitude gain in the long run.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19070300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T02:58:05Z","timestamp":1498532285000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Test of the Pauli Exclusion Principle in the VIP-2 Underground Experiment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Catalina","family":"Curceanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"CENTRO FERMI - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche \u2018Enrico Fermi\u2019, I-00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Institutul National pentru Fizica si Inginerie Nucleara Horia Hulubbei, IFIN-HH, R-077125 Magurele, Romania"}]},{"given":"Hexi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Stefan-Meyer-Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Science, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Bartalucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Bertolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universit\u00e1 di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Bazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Berucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Stefan-Meyer-Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Science, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Bragadireanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Institutul National pentru Fizica si Inginerie Nucleara Horia Hulubbei, IFIN-HH, R-077125 Magurele, Romania"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cargnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Stefan-Meyer-Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Science, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Clozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"De Paolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Di Matteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Physique UMR CNRS-UR1 6251, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes1, F-35042 Rennes, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Physique, Universit\u00e9 de Neuch\u00e2tel, CH-2000 Neuenburg, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Guaraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mihail","family":"Iliescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Marton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Stefan-Meyer-Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Science, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5390-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Laubenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, INFN, I-67100 Assergi L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Milotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e1 di Trieste and INFN-Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Miliucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9774-3470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Pichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Stefan-Meyer-Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Science, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Dorel","family":"Pietreanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Institutul National pentru Fizica si Inginerie Nucleara Horia Hulubbei, IFIN-HH, R-077125 Magurele, Romania"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Piscicchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENTRO FERMI - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche \u2018Enrico Fermi\u2019, I-00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Scordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Sirghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Institutul National pentru Fizica si Inginerie Nucleara Horia Hulubbei, IFIN-HH, R-077125 Magurele, Romania"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Sirghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Institutul National pentru Fizica si Inginerie Nucleara Horia Hulubbei, IFIN-HH, R-077125 Magurele, Romania"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Sperandio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Oton","family":"Vazquez Doce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Excellence Cluster Universe, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, D-85748 Garching, Germany"}]},{"given":"Eberhard","family":"Widmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefan-Meyer-Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Science, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Zmeskal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"},{"name":"Stefan-Meyer-Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Science, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Messiah, 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