{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T18:09:43Z","timestamp":1770919783656,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]],"date-time":"2017-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Basic Research Program","award":["2013CB036005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013CB036005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of uncertainty on risk assessment and decision-making is increasingly being prioritized, especially for large geotechnical projects such as tunnels, where uncertainty is often the main source of risk. Epistemic uncertainty, which can be reduced, is the focus of attention. In this study, the existing entropy-risk decision model is first discussed and analyzed, and its deficiencies are improved upon and overcome. Then, this study addresses the fact that existing studies only consider parameter uncertainty and ignore the influence of the model uncertainty. Here, focus is on the issue of model uncertainty and differences in risk consciousness with different decision-makers. The utility theory is introduced in the model. Finally, a risk decision model is proposed based on the sensitivity analysis and the tolerance cost, which can improve decision-making efficiency. This research can provide guidance or reference for the evaluation and decision-making of complex systems engineering problems, and indicate a direction for further research of risk assessment and decision-making issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19100549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]],"date-time":"2017-10-18T11:10:00Z","timestamp":1508325000000},"page":"549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Risk Assessment and Decision-Making under Uncertainty in Tunnel and Underground Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yuanpu","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Mitigation of Explosion & Impact, The Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"}]},{"given":"Ziming","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Mitigation of Explosion & Impact, The Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Mitigation of Explosion & Impact, The Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Mitigation of Explosion & Impact, The Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Probabilistic models for tunnel construction risk assessment","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. 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