{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:15:53Z","timestamp":1760242553775,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Else-Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius Stiftung","award":["P27\/10 \/\/A33\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P27\/10 \/\/A33\/10"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011725","name":"Servier","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a non-invasive tool for assessing cardiac health. Entropy measures quantify the chaotic properties of HRV, but they are sensitive to the choice of their required parameters. Previous studies therefore have performed parameter optimization, targeting solely their particular patient cohort. In contrast, this work aimed to challenge entropy measures with recently published parameter sets, without time-consuming optimization, for risk prediction in end-stage renal disease patients. Approximate entropy, sample entropy, fuzzy entropy, fuzzy measure entropy, and corrected approximate entropy were examined. In total, 265 hemodialysis patients from the ISAR (rISk strAtification in end-stage Renal disease) study were analyzed. Throughout a median follow-up time of 43 months, 70 patients died. Fuzzy entropy and corrected approximate entropy (CApEn) provided significant hazard ratios, which remained significant after adjustment for clinical risk factors from literature if an entropy maximizing threshold parameter was chosen. Revealing results were seen in the subgroup of patients with heart disease (HD) when setting the radius to a multiple of the data\u2019s standard deviation (    r = 0.2 \u00b7 \u03c3    ); all entropies, except CApEn, predicted mortality significantly and remained significant after adjustment. Therefore, these two parameter settings seem to reflect different cardiac properties. This work shows the potential of entropy measures for cardiovascular risk stratification in cohorts the parameters were not optimized for, and it provides additional insights into the parameter choice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e19110582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T12:48:31Z","timestamp":1509454111000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Challenging Recently Published Parameter Sets for Entropy Measures in Risk Prediction for End-Stage Renal Disease Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hagmair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Systems, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Donau-City-Str. 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Analysis and Scientific Computing, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8\u201310, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bachler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Systems, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Donau-City-Str. 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Analysis and Scientific Computing, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8\u201310, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Braunisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Ismaninger Stra\u00dfe 22, 81675 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Ismaninger Stra\u00dfe 22, 81675 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schmaderer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Ismaninger Stra\u00dfe 22, 81675 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Anna-Lena","family":"Hasenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Ismaninger Stra\u00dfe 22, 81675 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"St\u00fclpnagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Gro\u00dfhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Gro\u00dfhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Kostantinos","family":"Rizas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Gro\u00dfhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Wassertheurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Systems, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Donau-City-Str. 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Systems, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Donau-City-Str. 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, C., Bachler, M., Holzinger, A., Stein, P.K., and Wassertheurer, S. 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