{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:38:51Z","timestamp":1787240331757,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]],"date-time":"2018-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The first and second laws of thermodynamics were applied to the human body in order to evaluate the quality of the energy conversion during muscle activity. Such an implementation represents an important issue in the exergy analysis of the body, because there is a difficulty in the literature in evaluating the performed power in some activities. Hence, to have the performed work as an input in the exergy model, two types of exercises were evaluated: weight lifting and aerobic exercise on a stationary bicycle. To this aim, we performed a study of the aerobic and anaerobic reactions in the muscle cells, aiming at predicting the metabolic efficiency and muscle efficiency during exercises. Physiological data such as oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, skin and internal temperatures and performed power were measured. Results indicated that the exergy efficiency was around 4% in the weight lifting, whereas it could reach values as high as 30% for aerobic exercises. It has been shown that the stationary bicycle is a more adequate test for first correlations between exergy and performance indices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e20020119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1518432638000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Exergy Analysis of the Musculoskeletal System Efficiency during Aerobic and Anaerobic Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Spanghero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyro","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centro Universit\u00e1rio da FEI, 09850-901 S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6665-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Lazzaretti Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Group of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, 01246-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Group of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, 01246-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8097-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Keutenedjian Mady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dinger, E. 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