{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T15:59:43Z","timestamp":1760889583257,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systems characterized by more than one temperature usually appear in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. In some cases, e.g., glasses, there is a temperature at which fast variables become thermalized, and another case associated with modes that evolve towards an equilibrium state in a very slow way. Recently, it was shown that a system of vortices interacting repulsively, considered as an appropriate model for type-II superconductors, presents an equilibrium state characterized by two temperatures. The main novelty concerns the fact that apart from the usual temperature T, related to fluctuations in particle velocities, an additional temperature    \u03b8    was introduced, associated with fluctuations in particle positions. Since they present physically distinct characteristics, the system may reach an equilibrium state, characterized by finite and different values of these temperatures. In the application of type-II superconductors, it was shown that     \u03b8 \u226b T    , so that thermal effects could be neglected, leading to a consistent thermodynamic framework based solely on the temperature    \u03b8   . In the present work, a more general situation, concerning a system characterized by two distinct temperatures     \u03b8 1     and     \u03b8 2    , which may be of the same order of magnitude, is discussed. These temperatures appear as coefficients of different diffusion contributions of a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation. An H-theorem is proven, relating such a Fokker-Planck equation to a sum of two entropic forms, each of them associated with a given diffusion term; as a consequence, the corresponding stationary state may be considered as an equilibrium state, characterized by two temperatures. One of the conditions for such a state to occur is that the different temperature parameters,     \u03b8 1     and     \u03b8 2    , should be thermodynamically conjugated to distinct entropic forms,     S 1     and     S 2    , respectively. A functional     \u039b  [ P ]  \u2261 \u039b (  S 1   [ P ]  ,  S 2   [ P ]  )     is introduced, which presents properties characteristic of an entropic form; moreover, a thermodynamically conjugated temperature parameter     \u03b3 (  \u03b8 1  ,  \u03b8 2  )     can be consistently defined, so that an alternative physical description is proposed in terms of these pairs of variables. The physical consequences, and particularly, the fact that the equilibrium-state distribution, obtained from the Fokker-Planck equation, should coincide with the one from entropy extremization, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e20030183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T12:17:41Z","timestamp":1520597861000},"page":"183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Equilibrium States in Two-Temperature Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Evaldo","family":"Curado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F\u00edsicas and National Institute of Science and Technology for Complex Systems, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F\u00edsicas and National Institute of Science and Technology for Complex Systems, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balian, R. 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