{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:39:35Z","timestamp":1769171975903,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,26]],"date-time":"2018-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001107","name":"John E. Fetzer Memorial Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fetzer Pioneers Fund, P#2017-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fetzer Pioneers Fund, P#2017-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally-constrained classical fields provide a unexplored framework for modeling quantum phenomena, including apparent particle-like behavior. By allowing controllable constraints on unknown past fields, these models are retrocausal but not retro-signaling, respecting the conventional block universe viewpoint of classical spacetime. Several example models are developed that resolve the most essential problems with using classical electromagnetic fields to explain single-photon phenomena. These models share some similarities with Stochastic Electrodynamics, but without the infinite background energy problem, and with a clear path to explaining entanglement phenomena. Intriguingly, the average intermediate field intensities share a surprising connection with quantum \u201cweak values\u201d, even in the single-photon limit. This new class of models is hoped to guide further research into spacetime-based accounts of weak values, entanglement, and other quantum phenomena.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e20060410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T02:58:18Z","timestamp":1527562698000},"page":"410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A New Class of Retrocausal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ken","family":"Wharton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Jos\u00e9 State University, San Jos\u00e9, CA 95192-0106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02082904","article-title":"Bell\u2019s theorem and backwards-in-time causality","volume":"22","author":"Sutherland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. 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