{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T08:18:17Z","timestamp":1770452297893,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61505136, 61405138, 61775158, 61671316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61505136, 61405138, 61775158, 61671316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004480","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201701D221116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201701D221116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004480","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information-theoretically provable unique true random numbers, which cannot be correlated or controlled by an attacker, can be generated based on quantum measurement of vacuum state and universal-hashing randomness extraction. Quantum entropy in the measurements decides the quality and security of the random number generator (RNG). At the same time, it directly determines the extraction ratio of true randomness from the raw data, in other words, it obviously affects quantum random bits generating rate. In this work, we commit to enhancing quantum entropy content in the vacuum noise based quantum RNG. We have taken into account main factors in this proposal to establish the theoretical model of quantum entropy content, including the effects of classical noise, the optimum dynamical analog-digital convertor (ADC) range, the local gain and the electronic gain of the homodyne system. We demonstrate that by amplifying the vacuum quantum noise, abundant quantum entropy is extractable in the step of post-processing even classical noise excursion, which may be deliberately induced by an eavesdropper, is large. Based on the discussion and the fact that the bandwidth of quantum vacuum noise is infinite, we propose large dynamical range and moderate TIA gain to pursue higher local oscillator (LO) amplification of vacuum quadrature and broader detection bandwidth in homodyne system. High true randomness extraction ratio together with high sampling rate is attainable. Experimentally, an extraction ratio of true randomness of 85.3% is achieved by finite enhancement of the laser power of the LO when classical noise excursions of the raw data is obvious.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e20110819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T10:40:48Z","timestamp":1540377648000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Enhancing Extractable Quantum Entropy in Vacuum-Based Quantum Random Number Generator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Ripeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Mingchuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7283-5571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.327","article-title":"Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre","volume":"9","author":"Korzh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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