{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:35:49Z","timestamp":1780457749278,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,10]],"date-time":"2018-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61572089, 61633005, 61802037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61572089, 61633005, 61802037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013223","name":"Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106112017CDJQJ188830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106112017CDJQJ188830"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106112017CDJXY180005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106112017CDJXY180005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum image encryption offers major advantages over its classical counterpart in terms of key space, computational complexity, and so on. A novel double quantum image encryption approach based on quantum Arnold transform (QAT) and qubit random rotation is proposed in this paper, in which QAT is used to scramble pixel positions and the gray information is changed by utilizing random qubit rotation. Actually, the independent random qubit rotation operates once, respectively, in spatial and frequency domains with the help of quantum Fourier transform (QFT). The encryption process accomplishes pixel confusion and diffusion, and finally the noise-like cipher image is obtained. Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis verify that the method is valid and it shows superior performance in security and computational complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e20110867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T02:42:41Z","timestamp":1542163361000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Double Quantum Image Encryption Based on Arnold Transform and Qubit Random Rotation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6899-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Technology and Engineering Research Institute, Chongqing 40039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Advances in the Quantum Theoretical Approach to Image Processing Applications","volume":"49","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Comput. 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