{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T18:40:33Z","timestamp":1764873633909,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]],"date-time":"2019-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ISPP#131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISPP#131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A numerical study on natural convection in a cubical cavity with partial top and bottom openings is performed in this paper. One of the vertical walls of the cavity has higher temperature than that of the opposite one; the remaining walls are insulated perfectly. Three-dimensional simulations of governing equations have been performed using a finite volume technique. The results are presented for different parameters such as opening length and Rayleigh number. It is observed that heat transfer rate and fluid flow can be controlled via opening ratio size and Rayleigh number.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e21020116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T11:27:52Z","timestamp":1548761272000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Natural Convection and Irreversibility Evaluation in a Cubic Cavity with Partial Opening in Both Top and Bottom Sides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hakan F.","family":"Oztop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mech. Engineering, Technology Faculty, Firat University, Elazig TR-23119, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"A. Almeshaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-7458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lioua","family":"Kolsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mech. Engineering, College of Engineering, Hail University, Hail 2240, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9trologie et des Syst\u00e8mes \u00c9nerg\u00e9tiques, \u00c9cole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6309-8688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Mehdi","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vehicle Aerodynamics and Vehicle Thermal Management Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China"},{"name":"ENN-Tongji Clean Energy Institute of Advanced Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"E. Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/10407788808913642","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of the buoyancy-induced flow in a partially open enclosure","volume":"14","author":"Abib","year":"1988","journal-title":"Numer. Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S1290-0729(02)01326-1","article-title":"Laminar natural convection in inclined open shallow cavities","volume":"41","author":"Polat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. 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