{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:48:08Z","timestamp":1767340088527,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]],"date-time":"2019-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart rate variability (HRV; variability of the RR interval of the electrocardiogram) results from the activity of several coexisting control mechanisms, which involve the influence of respiration (RESP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) oscillations operating across multiple temporal scales and changing in different physiological states. In this study, multiscale information decomposition is used to dissect the physiological mechanisms related to the genesis of HRV in 78 young volunteers monitored at rest and during postural and mental stress evoked by head-up tilt (HUT) and mental arithmetics (MA). After representing RR, RESP and SBP at different time scales through a recently proposed method based on multivariate state space models, the joint information transfer      T  RESP , SBP \u2192 RR       is decomposed into unique, redundant and synergistic components, describing the strength of baroreflex modulation independent of respiration (     U  SBP \u2192 RR      ), nonbaroreflex (     U  RESP \u2192 RR      ) and baroreflex-mediated (     R  RESP , SBP \u2192 RR      ) respiratory influences, and simultaneous presence of baroreflex and nonbaroreflex respiratory influences (     S  RESP , SBP \u2192 RR      ), respectively. We find that fast (short time scale) HRV oscillations\u2014respiratory sinus arrhythmia\u2014originate from the coexistence of baroreflex and nonbaroreflex (central) mechanisms at rest, with a stronger baroreflex involvement during HUT. Focusing on slower HRV oscillations, the baroreflex origin is dominant and MA leads to its higher involvement. Respiration influences independent on baroreflex are present at long time scales, and are enhanced during HUT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e21050526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]],"date-time":"2019-05-24T11:20:46Z","timestamp":1558696846000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Multiscale Information Decomposition Dissects Control Mechanisms of Heart Rate Variability at Rest and During Physiological Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jana","family":"Krohova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Faes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2138-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Czippelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Turianikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Mazgutova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9992-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Pernice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Busacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9803-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Marinazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Analysis Department, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Stramaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 70126 Sezione di Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Javorka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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