{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T07:46:43Z","timestamp":1779004003611,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan","award":["2016YFC0400207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0400207"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51679233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51679233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrological regionalization is a useful step in hydrological modeling and prediction. The regionalization is not always straightforward, however, due to the lack of long-term hydrological data and the complex multi-scale variability features embedded in the data. This study examines the multiscale soil moisture variability for the simulated data on a grid cell base obtained from a large-scale hydrological model, and clusters the grid-cell based soil moisture data using wavelet-based multiscale entropy and principal component analysis, over the Xijiang River basin in South China, for the period of 2002\u20132010. The effective regionalization, for 169 grid cells with the special resolution of 0.5\u00b0 \u00d7 0.5\u00b0, produced homogeneous groups based on the pattern of wavelet-based entropy information. Four distinct modes explain 80.14% of the total embedded variability of the transformed wavelet power across different timescales. Moreover, the possible implications of the regionalization results for local hydrological applications, such as parameter estimation for an ungagged catchment and designing a uniform prediction strategy for a sub-area in a large-scale basin, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e21060548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1559214464000},"page":"548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Regionalization of Daily Soil Moisture Dynamics Using Wavelet-Based Multiscale Entropy and Principal Component Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pearl River Water Resources Commission (2005). Pearl River Flood Prevention Handbook, Pearl River Water Resources Commission. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute (2007). Drought Monitor and Assessment Reports for the Pearl River Basin Using Remote Sensing, Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jher.2010.04.016","article-title":"Terrestrial hydrological features of the Pearl River basin in South China","volume":"4","author":"Niu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydro-Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000837","article-title":"Catchment classification framework in hydrology: challenges and directions","volume":"20","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.03.023","article-title":"Hydrologic regionalization using wavelet-based multiscale entropy method","volume":"538","author":"Agarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11078","article-title":"Coherent modes in multi-scale variability of precipitation over the headwater catchments in the Pearl River basin, South China","volume":"31","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Processes"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1029\/1999WR900345","article-title":"Coherent modes in multiscale variability of streamflow over the United States","volume":"36","author":"Saco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2007.01.005","article-title":"Regionalization of constraints on expected watershed response behavior for improved predictions in ungauged basins","volume":"30","author":"Yadav","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.03.004","article-title":"Quantifying the probabilistic divergences related to time-space scales for inferences in water resource management","volume":"217","author":"Sohoulande","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7763\/IJESD.2016.V7.732","article-title":"Groundwater Quality Investigation Using Multivariate Analysis: Case Study: Western Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt","volume":"7","author":"Armanuos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2011.01.001","article-title":"Rainfall-based criteria for assessing slump rate of mountainous highway slopes: A case study of slopes along highway 18 in Alishan, Taiwan","volume":"118","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.11.007","article-title":"Neural network-based model for assessing failure potential of highway slopes in the Alishan, Taiwan area: pre- and post-earthquake investigation","volume":"104","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2006.12.003","article-title":"Simplified models for assessing annual liquefaction probability\u2014a case study of the Yuanlin area, Taiwan","volume":"90","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Zoppou, C., Nielsen, O.M., and Zhang, L. (2002). Regionalization of Daily Streamflow in Australia Using Wavelets and k-means Analysis, Australian National University. CMA Research Report MRR02-003."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.106.620","article-title":"Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics, I","volume":"106","author":"Jaynes","year":"1957","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.108.171","article-title":"Information and statistical mechanics, II","volume":"108","author":"Jaynes","year":"1957","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199705)11:6<587::AID-HYP479>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"The use of entropy in hydrology and water resources","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hydrol. Processes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(99)00186-9","article-title":"Chaos theory in hydrology: Important issues and interpretations","volume":"227","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000782","article-title":"Computation of suspended sediment discharge in open channels using Tsallis entropy","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Singh, V.P. (2015). Entropy Theory in Hydrologic Science and Engineering, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.11.065","article-title":"Configurational entropy theory for streamflow forecasting","volume":"521","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-016-1281-z","article-title":"Minimum relative entropy theory for streamflow forecasting with frequency as a random variable","volume":"30","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivakumar, B. (2017). Chaos Identification and Prediction Methods. Chaos in Hydrology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2552-4_6"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-017-1492-y","article-title":"Time-lag effects of vegetation responses to soil mositure evolution: A case study in the Xijiang basin in South China","volume":"32","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14415","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD00483","article-title":"A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models","volume":"99","author":"Liang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Niu, J., Chen, J., and Sun, L. (2013, January 8\u201313). Major drought events in the West River basin in South China for the period of 2002\u20132010. Proceedings of the 35th IAHR World Congress, Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.11.029","article-title":"Exploration of drought evolution using numerical simulations over the Xijiang (West River) basin in South China","volume":"526","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2013.822641","article-title":"Terrestrial hydrological responses to precipitation variability in Southwest China with emphasis on drought","volume":"59","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivakumar, B., and Berndtsson, R. (2010). Wavelet analyses in hydrology. Advances in Data-Based Approaches for Hydrologic Modeling and Forecasting, World Scientific Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1142\/7783"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A practical guide to wavelet analysis","volume":"79","author":"Torrence","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"90","article-title":"Continuous time wavelet entropy of auditory evoked potentials","volume":"40","author":"Cek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3390\/e13010195","article-title":"Wavelet-based analysis on the complexity of hydrologic series data under multi-temporal scales","volume":"13","author":"Sang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, J.E. (1991). A User\u2019s Guide to Principle Components, John Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725331"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Wilks, D.S. (1995). Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-012-0661-2","article-title":"Precipitation in the Pearl River basin, South China: Scaling, regional patterns, and influence of large-scale climate anomalies","volume":"27","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2018.09.006","article-title":"Toward an integrated watershed zoning framework based on the spatio-temporal variability of land-cover and climate: Application in the Volta river basin","volume":"28","author":"Djebou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05016024","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001429","article-title":"Entropy-based index for spatiotemporal analysis of streamflow, precipitation, and land-cover","volume":"21","author":"Sohoulande","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2015.03.022","article-title":"Retrieving vegetation growth patterns from soil moisture, precipitation and temperature using maximum entropy","volume":"309","author":"Djebou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/21\/6\/548\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:40Z","timestamp":1760187280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/21\/6\/548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["e21060548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e21060548","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]}}}