{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:17:24Z","timestamp":1761581844248,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1D1A1B03027939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1D1A1B03027939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a new secrecy-enhancing scheme for the spatial modulation (SM) system, by considering imperfect channel state information (CSI). In the proposed scheme, two antennas are activated at the same time. One of the activated antennas transmits information symbols along with artificial noise (AN) optimized under the imperfect CSI condition. On the other hand, the other activated antenna transmits another AN sequence. Because the AN are generated by exploiting the imperfect CSI of the legitimate channel, they can only be canceled at the legitimate receiver, while the passive eavesdropper will suffer from interference. We derive the secrecy rate of the proposed scheme in order to estimate the performance. The numerical results demonstrated in this paper verify that the proposed scheme can achieve a better secrecy rate compared to the conventional scheme at the same effective data rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e21070626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T07:24:17Z","timestamp":1561533857000},"page":"626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Secrecy Enhancing Scheme for Spatial Modulation Using Antenna Selection and Artificial Noise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Pingping","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronic Engineering, IT Convergence Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weicheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Aerospace Electronic Technology Institute, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue-Qin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0817-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sooyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronic Engineering, IT Convergence Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.912136","article-title":"Spatial Modulation","volume":"57","author":"Mesleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2013.2287851","article-title":"Spatial Modulation for Generalized MIMO: Challenges, Opportunities, and Implementation","volume":"102","author":"Renzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7509396","article-title":"Index modulation techniques for 5G wireless networks","volume":"54","author":"Basar","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3316","article-title":"Generalized 3D Constellation Design for Spatial Modulation","volume":"65","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2556685","article-title":"Spatial Modulation via 3D Mapping","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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Tutor."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, X.R., Cai, Y.M., and Yang, W.W. (2012, January 25\u201327). On the Secrecy Mutual Information of Spatial Modulation with Finite Alphabet. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Huangshan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2012.6542961"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2015.2440353","article-title":"Secrecy Enhancement Analysis Against Unknown Eavesdropping in Spatial Modulation","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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