{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T14:55:35Z","timestamp":1786460135432,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]],"date-time":"2019-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41674007; 41429401; 41374010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41674007; 41429401; 41374010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) techniques, such as GPS, can be used to accurately record vertical crustal movements induced by seasonal terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations. Conversely, the TWS data could be inverted from GPS-observed vertical displacement based on the well-known elastic loading theory through the Tikhonov regularization (TR) or the Helmert variance component estimation (HVCE). To complement a potential non-uniform spatial distribution of GPS sites and to improve the quality of inversion procedure, herein we proposed in this study a novel approach for the TWS inversion by jointly supplementing GPS vertical crustal displacements with minimum usage of external TWS-derived displacements serving as pseudo GPS sites, such as from satellite gravimetry (e.g., Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, GRACE) or from hydrological models (e.g., Global Land Data Assimilation System, GLDAS), to constrain the inversion. In addition, Akaike\u2019s Bayesian Information Criterion (ABIC) was employed during the inversion, while comparing with TR and HVCE to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. Despite the deterioration of the model fitness, our results revealed that the introduction of GRACE or GLDAS data as constraints during the joint inversion effectively reduced the uncertainty and bias by 42% and 41% on average, respectively, with significant improvements in the spatial boundary of our study area. In general, the ABIC with GRACE or GLDAS data constraints displayed an optimal performance in terms of model fitness and inversion performance, compared to those of other GPS-inferred TWS methodologies reported in published studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e21070664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T03:01:31Z","timestamp":1562554891000},"page":"664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Akaike\u2019s Bayesian Information Criterion for the Joint Inversion of Terrestrial Water Storage Using GPS Vertical Displacements, GRACE and GLDAS in Southwest China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yongxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Earth Observation and Navigation (CEON), Ministry of Education of the PRC, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0535-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hok Sum","family":"Fok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Tenzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1847-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysics Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, 2, avenue de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuwan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Earth Observation and Navigation (CEON), Ministry of Education of the PRC, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5250.785","article-title":"Human Appropriation of Renewable Fresh Water","volume":"271","author":"Postel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09364","article-title":"The impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in China","volume":"467","author":"Piao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"197","article-title":"Remote sensing of terrestrial water storage, soil moisture and surface waters","volume":"150","author":"Famiglietti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. 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