{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:38:54Z","timestamp":1775068734032,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Foudation for Sciences and Technology Development (NAFOSTED)","award":["102.04-2018.06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102.04-2018.06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we firstly study the security enhancement of three steganographic methods by using a proposed chaotic system. The first method, namely the Enhanced Edge Adaptive Image Steganography Based on LSB Matching Revisited (EEALSBMR), is present in the spatial domain. The two other methods, the Enhanced Discrete Cosine Transform (EDCT) and Enhanced Discrete Wavelet transform (EDWT), are present in the frequency domain. The chaotic system is extremely robust and consists of a strong chaotic generator and a 2-D Cat map. Its main role is to secure the content of a message in case a message is detected. Secondly, three blind steganalysis methods, based on multi-resolution wavelet decomposition, are used to detect whether an embedded message is hidden in the tested image (stego image) or not (cover image). The steganalysis approach is based on the hypothesis that message-embedding schemes leave statistical evidence or structure in images that can be exploited for detection. The simulation results show that the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier and the Fisher Linear Discriminant (FLD) cannot distinguish between cover and stego images if the message size is smaller than 20% in the EEALSBMR steganographic method and if the message size is smaller than 15% in the EDCT steganographic method. However, SVM and FLD can distinguish between cover and stego images with reasonable accuracy in the EDWT steganographic method, irrespective of the message size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e21080748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T11:15:56Z","timestamp":1564485356000},"page":"748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparative Study of Three Steganographic Methods Using a Chaotic System and Their Universal Steganalysis Based on Three Feature Vectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dalia","family":"Battikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LASTRE Laboratory, Lebanese University, 210 Tripoli, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safwan","family":"El Assad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Electronique et des T\u00e9l\u00e9communications de Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes\u2014Polytech Nantes, Rue Christian Pauc CS 50609, CEDEX 3, 44306 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3555-5682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thang Manh","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Telecommunications, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bassem","family":"Bakhache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LASTRE Laboratory, Lebanese University, 210 Tripoli, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Deforges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA de Rennes, CNRS, IETR, CEDEX 7, 35708 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LASTRE Laboratory, Lebanese University, 210 Tripoli, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-2381-8","article-title":"Steganalysis of LSB matching using differences between nonadjacent pixels","volume":"75","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. 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