{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:13:26Z","timestamp":1775477606665,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gait is a basic cognitive purposeful action that has been shown to be altered in late stages of neurodegenerative dementias. Nevertheless, alterations are less clear in mild forms of dementia, and the potential use of gait analysis as a biomarker of initial cognitive decline has hitherto mostly been neglected. Herein, we report the results of a study of gait kinematic time series for two groups of patients (mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease) and a group of matched control subjects. Two metrics based on permutation patterns are considered, respectively measuring the complexity and irreversibility of the time series. Results indicate that kinematic disorganisation is present in early phases of cognitive impairment; in addition, they depict a rich scenario, in which some joint movements display an increased complexity and irreversibility, while others a marked decrease. Beyond their potential use as biomarkers, complexity and irreversibility metrics can open a new door to the understanding of the role of the nervous system in gait, as well as its adaptation and compensatory mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e21090868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T03:14:41Z","timestamp":1567998881000},"page":"868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Permutation Entropy and Irreversibility in Gait Kinematic Time Series from Patients with Mild Cognitive Decline and Early Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4949-0843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Andr\u00e9s","family":"Mart\u00edn-Gonzalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Fisioterapia de la ONCE, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Histolog\u00eda y Neurociencia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0188-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Pulido-Valdeolivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Histolog\u00eda y Neurociencia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Visual Pathway Laboratory, Neuroimmunology Center and Neurology Department, Biomedical Research Center August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5484-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Histolog\u00eda y Neurociencia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2551-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Histolog\u00eda y Neurociencia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1703-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Chiclana-Actis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Trastornos Cognitivos, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda, 28702 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria del Carmen","family":"Algarra-Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Trastornos Cognitivos, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda, 28702 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4398-3708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itziar","family":"Palm\u00ed-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Trastornos Cognitivos, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda, 28702 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5856-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Travieso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Trastornos Cognitivos, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda, 28702 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4695-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Dolores","family":"Torrecillas-Narv\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Trastornos Cognitivos, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda, 28702 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5267-606X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambrosio A.","family":"Miralles-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Trastornos Cognitivos, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda, 28702 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1129-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estrella","family":"Rausell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Histolog\u00eda y Neurociencia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5654-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"G\u00f3mez-Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Histolog\u00eda y Neurociencia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Paediatric Neurology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital and VHIR (Euro-NMD, ERN-RND), 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5839-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Zanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnolog\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Clark, C., and Trojanowski, J.Q. 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