{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:54:37Z","timestamp":1760241277642,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F2018501051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2018501051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the uncertainty of radar target prior information in actual scenes, waveform design based on radar target prior information cannot meet the requirements of detection performance and parameter estimation. Aiming at the problem of waveform design for detecting multi-target in the presence of clutter, a linear probability-weighted summation (PWS) algorithm based on multi-target impulse response is proposed and includes the radar waveform design based on mutual information (MI) and signal-to-interference ratio (SINR) criteria. In view of the traditional water-filling algorithm, the problem of multi-target is further investigated in a new way to improve the overall performance of the system. The method makes a lot of deductions by using Jensen\u2019s inequality, to determine the algorithm objective function and energy constraint. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better detection performance and more accurate target information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22010031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T11:07:48Z","timestamp":1577272068000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Adaptive Multi-Target Radar Waveform Design Based on PWS Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xishi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2015.130847","article-title":"Wideband Cognitive Radar Waveform Optimization for Joint Target Radar Signature Estimation and Target Detection","volume":"51","author":"Jiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Wang, H., and Qin, Y. (2014, January 20\u201323). Adaptive Waveform Design for Multi-Target Classification in Signal Dependent Interference. Proceedings of the 2014 19th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2014.6900822"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fan, M., Liao, D., Ding, X., and Li, X. (2011, January 9\u201313). Waveform Design for Target Recognition on the background of Clutter. Proceedings of the European Micorwave Week\u2014European Radar Conference, Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"77","article-title":"Relationship of Target Recognition Performance and Radar Waveform Parameters","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R., and Goodman, N.A. (2009, January 8\u201313). Improved Waveform Design for Target Recognition with Multiple Transmissions. Proceedings of the 2009 International Waveform Diversity and Design Conference, Kissimmee, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WDDC.2009.4800308"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2017.0536","article-title":"Improved waveform design for radar target classification","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Goodman. Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2011.5751234","article-title":"Theory and application of SNR and mutual information matched illumination waveforms","volume":"47","author":"Romero","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R.A., and Goodman, N.A. (2008, January 26\u201330). Information-theoretic matched waveform in signal dependent interference. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR \u201908), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2008.4720730"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, T., Cui, C., and Gong, Y. (2019). Efficient Low-PAR Waveform Design Method for Extended Target Estimation Based on Information Theory in Cognitive Radar. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21030261"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2007.897046","article-title":"Optimal signal design of Gaussian point targets in stationary Gaussian clutter\/reverberation","volume":"1","author":"Kay","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7162","DOI":"10.3390\/s110707162","article-title":"Phase-modulated waveform design for extended target detection in the presence of clutter","volume":"11","author":"Gong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9962","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2873103","article-title":"Multi-Target Detection and Adaptive Waveform Design for Cognitive MIMO Radar","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2054088","article-title":"MIMO Radar Detection and Adaptive Design under a Phase Synchronization Mismatch","volume":"58","author":"Nehorai","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/22\/1\/31\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:45:38Z","timestamp":1760190338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/22\/1\/31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["e22010031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e22010031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]]}}}