{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:44:11Z","timestamp":1792190651127,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]],"date-time":"2019-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, quantum formalism started to be actively used outside of quantum physics: in psychology, decision-making, economics, finances, and social science. Human psychological behavior is characterized by a few basic effects; one of them is the question order effect (QOE). This effect was successfully modeled (Busemeyer\u2013Wang) by representing questions A and B by Hermitian observables and mental-state transformations (back action of answering) by orthogonal projectors. However, then it was demonstrated that such representation cannot be combined with another psychological effect, known as the response replicability effect (RRE). Later, this no-go result was generalized to representation of questions and state transformations by quantum instruments of the atomic type. In light of these results, the possibility of using quantum formalism in psychology was questioned. In this paper, we show that, nevertheless, the combination of the QOE and RRE can be modeled within quantum formalism, in the framework of theory of non-atomic quantum instruments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T05:37:08Z","timestamp":1577425028000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Application of Theory of Quantum Instruments to Psychology: Combination of Question Order Effect with Response Replicability Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Masanao","family":"Ozawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"},{"name":"College of Engineering, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Khrennikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Mathematical Modeling in Physics and Cognitive Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE 351 95 V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018885632116","article-title":"Classical and quantum mechanics on information spaces with applications to cognitive, psychological, social and anomalous phenomena","volume":"29","author":"Khrennikov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Found. 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