{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:41:06Z","timestamp":1769820066955,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat exchangers play an important role in different industrial processes; therefore, it is important to characterize these devices to improve their efficiency by guaranteeing the efficient use of energy. In this study, we carry out a numerical analysis of flow dynamics, heat transfer, and entropy generation inside a heat exchanger; an aqueous medium used for oil extraction flows through the exchanger. Hot water flows on the shell side; nanoparticles have been added to the water in order to improve heat transfer toward the cold aqueous medium flowing on the tube side. The aqueous medium must reach a certain temperature in order to obtain its oil extraction properties. The analysis is performed for different Richardson numbers (Ri = 0.1\u201310), nanofluid volume fractions (\u03c6 = 0.00\u20130.06), and heat exchanger heights (H = 0.6\u20131.0). Results are presented in terms of Nusselt number, total entropy generation, Bejan number, and performance evaluation criterion. Results showed that heat exchanger performance increases with the increase in Ri when Ri &gt; 1 and when reducing H.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22010086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T04:10:06Z","timestamp":1578629406000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Numerical Study of Nanofluid Irreversibilities in a Heat Exchanger Used with an Aqueous Medium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Guillermo Efren","family":"Ovando-Chacon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technological of Mexico, Veracruz Institute of Technology, Calzada Miguel \u00c1ngel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver 91860, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandy Luz","family":"Ovando-Chacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technological of Mexico, Technological Institute of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Carretera Panamericana km 1080, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chis 29000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abelardo","family":"Rodriguez-Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technological of Mexico, Veracruz Institute of Technology, Calzada Miguel \u00c1ngel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver 91860, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Diaz-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technological of Mexico, Veracruz Institute of Technology, Calzada Miguel \u00c1ngel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver 91860, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Arturo","family":"Hernandez-Zarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technological of Mexico, Veracruz Institute of Technology, Calzada Miguel \u00c1ngel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver 91860, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Servin-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technological of Mexico, Veracruz Institute of Technology, Calzada Miguel \u00c1ngel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver 91860, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluid with nanoparticles","volume":"Volume 66","author":"Siginer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Developments and Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104284","article-title":"Heat transfer and flow analysis of Casson fluid enclosed in a partially heated trapezoidal cavity","volume":"108","author":"Hamid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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