{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T07:34:30Z","timestamp":1773560070770,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIOSTRATEGG3\/345940\/7\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOSTRATEGG3\/345940\/7\/NCBR\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper deals with the analysis of the combustion of volatiles evolved during thermolysis (thermal treatment) of biomass feedstock. The process is tailored to produce charcoal (biochar), heat and electricity and the whole system consists of a carbonizer, afterburning chamber and steam recovery boiler. In order to maintain safe operation of the carbonizer the process temperature has to be maintained at an acceptable level and thus the majority of gases evolved during biomass processing have to be combusted outside in the afterburning chamber. In this paper the combustion of those gases in a specially-designed combustion chamber was investigated numerically. The calculation results indicated that the production of the biochar has to be carried out with tight integration and management of the heat produced from the combustion of the volatiles and the emission of CO and methane may be maintained at a low level by optimization of the combustion process. The most promising effects were achieved in cases C4 and C5 where the gas was fed tangentially into the afterburning chamber. The calculation results were then used for the design and manufacture of a pilot reactor\u2014from which the parameters and operational data will be presented and discussed in a separate paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22020181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T02:59:18Z","timestamp":1580957958000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Numerical Analysis of the Combustion of Gases Generated during Biomass Carbonization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Zarzycki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5367-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Koby\u0142ecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Bis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2012.10.005","article-title":"A comparative global assessment of potential negative emissions technologies","volume":"90","author":"McLaren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Process Saf. 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