{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T14:05:58Z","timestamp":1770473158084,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51779262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51779262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51979278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51979278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51506220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51506220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A heat conduction model with an arrow-shaped high thermal conductivity channel (ASHTCC) in a square heat generation body (SHGB) is established in this paper. By taking the minimum maximum temperature difference (MMTD) as the optimization goal, constructal designs of the ASHTCC are conducted based on single, two, and three degrees of freedom optimizations under the condition of fixed ASHTCC material. The outcomes illustrate that the heat conduction performance (HCP) of the SHGB is better when the structure of the ASHTCC tends to be flat. Increasing the thermal conductivity ratio and area fraction of the ASHTCC material can improve the HCP of the SHGB. In the discussed numerical examples, the MMTD obtained by three degrees of freedom optimization are reduced by 8.42% and 4.40%, respectively, compared with those obtained by single and two degrees of freedom optimizations. Therefore, three degrees of freedom optimization can further improve the HCP of the SHGB. Compared the HCPs of the SHGBs with ASHTCC and the T-shaped one, the MMTD of the former is reduced by 13.0%. Thus, the structure of the ASHTCC is proven to be superior to that of the T-shaped one. The optimization results gained in this paper have reference values for the optimal structure designs for the heat dissipations of various electronic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22040475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T03:23:06Z","timestamp":1587439386000},"page":"475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Constructal Design of an Arrow-Shaped High Thermal Conductivity Channel in a Square Heat Generation Body"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Fengyin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical &amp; Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical &amp; Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical &amp; Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical &amp; Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical &amp; Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/atr.5670300207","article-title":"Street network theory of organization in nature","volume":"30","author":"Bejan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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