{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T08:27:50Z","timestamp":1779006470931,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ENE2015-70515-C2-1-R and ENE2015-70515-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENE2015-70515-C2-1-R and ENE2015-70515-C2-2-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main objective of this paper is to present and analyze an innovative configuration of integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC). As novelties, the plant includes a recuperative gas turbine and the conventional bottoming Rankine cycle is replaced by a recently developed double recuperative double expansion (DRDE) cycle. The configuration results in a fuel saving in the combustion chamber at the expense of a decreased exhaust gas temperature, which is just adequate to feed the DRDE cycle that uses propane as the working fluid. The solar contribution comes from a solar field of parabolic trough collectors, with oil as the heat transfer fluid. The optimum integration point for the solar contribution is addressed. The performance of the proposed ISCC-R-DRDE design conditions and off-design operation was assessed (daily and yearly) at two different locations. All results were compared to those obtained under the same conditions by a conventional ISCC, as well as similar configurations without solar integration. The proposed configuration obtains a lower heat rate on a yearly basis in the studied locations and lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE) than that of the ISCC, which indicates that such a configuration could become a promising technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22040476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T04:15:13Z","timestamp":1587528913000},"page":"476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Analysis of an Integrated Solar Combined Cycle with Recuperative Gas Turbine and Double Recuperative and Double Expansion Propane Cycle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6810-3757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rovira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Energ\u00e9tica, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Energ\u00e9tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7434-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Energ\u00e9tica, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2667-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Sebasti\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Energ\u00e9tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Johansson, T.B., Reddy, A.K.N., Kelly, H., Williams, R.H., and Burnham, L. (1993). Renewable Energy, Sources for Fuels and Electricity, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.02.083","article-title":"Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Power Plants: Paving the way for thermal solar","volume":"169","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.06.005","article-title":"Thermoeconomic analysis of an integrated solar combined cycle power plant","volume":"171","author":"Calise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.12.128","article-title":"Thermo-economic analysis of a novel cascade integrated solar combined cycle system","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.05.080","article-title":"Exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analysis of an integrated solar gas turbine\/combined cycle power plant","volume":"156","author":"Bonforte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"172","article-title":"Optimum choice and placement of concentrating solar power technologies in integrated solar combined cycle systems. Renew","volume":"96","author":"Manente","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rovira, A. (2018). Comparison of Different Technologies for Integrated Solar Combined Cycles: Analysis of Concentrating Technology and Solar Integration. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11051064"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.02.016","article-title":"Alternative ORC bottoming cycles FOR combined cycle power plants","volume":"86","author":"Chacartegui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.068","article-title":"Part-load analysis of gas turbine & ORC combined cycles","volume":"36","author":"Chacartegui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.02.073","article-title":"Optimum design and thermodynamic analysis of a gas turbine and ORC combined cycle with recuperators","volume":"116","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.12.072","article-title":"Comparative analysis on off-design performance of a gas turbine and ORC combined cycle under different operation approaches","volume":"135","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.09.080","article-title":"Energy and exergy analysis of a closed Brayton cycle-based combined cycle for solar power tower plants","volume":"128","author":"Zare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.04.022","article-title":"Thermodynamic mapping of power cycles working around the critical point","volume":"192","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.01.091","article-title":"Thermoeconomic analysis of multi-stage recuperative Brayton cycles: Part II\u2014Waste energy recovery using CO2 and organic Rankine power cycles","volume":"185","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.05.137","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of single and combined power cycles for concentrated solar power applications","volume":"157","author":"Javanshir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.02.029","article-title":"Thermodynamic cycles optimised for medium enthalpy units of concentrating solar power","volume":"67","author":"Rovira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.01.060","article-title":"Robust optimization for the preliminary design of solar organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems","volume":"184","author":"Petrollese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.07.013","article-title":"The Ottana solar facility: Dispatchable power from small-scale CSP plants based on ORC systems","volume":"147","author":"Petrollese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"451","article-title":"Performance analysis of solar parabolic trough collectors driven combined supercritical CO2 and organic Rankine cycle","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.10.136","article-title":"Performance analysis and parametric optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycle with bottoming Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)","volume":"143","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.04.025","article-title":"Performance optimization of combined supercritical CO2 recompression cycle and regenerative organic Rankine cycle using zeotropic mixture fluid","volume":"166","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.05.128","article-title":"Proposal and study of a balanced hybrid Rankine-Brayton cycle for low-to-moderate temperature solar power plants","volume":"89","author":"Rovira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.06.014","article-title":"Off-design analysis of a Hybrid Rankine-Brayton cycle used as the power block of a solar thermal power plant","volume":"134","author":"Rovira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.114805","article-title":"Advanced thermodynamic cycles for finite heat sources: Proposals for closed and open heat sources applications","volume":"167","author":"Rovira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, P.P., and Fletcher, P. (2004). Gas turbine performance, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470774533"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Stull, D.R., and Prophet, H. (1971). JANAF Thermodynamic Tables, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1461829","article-title":"The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use","volume":"31","author":"Wagner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1021\/je900217v","article-title":"Thermodynamic Properties of Propane. III. A Reference Equation of State for Temperatures from the Melting Line to 650 K and Pressures up to 1000 MPa","volume":"54","author":"Lemmon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2010, April 06). Technical Bulletin 7239115C. Solutia 2008. Available online: http:\/\/www.therminol.com\/pages\/products\/vp-1.asp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2012.12.008","article-title":"Comparison of Heat Transfer Fluid and Direct Steam Generation technologies for Integrated Solar Combined Cycles","volume":"52","author":"Rovira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2906517","article-title":"An Algorithm and Criteria for Compressor Characteristics Real Time Modeling and Approximation. Trans. ASME","volume":"113","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2906157","article-title":"Adaptative Simulation Of Gas Turbine Performance. Trans. ASME","volume":"112","author":"Stamatis","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(99)00055-2","article-title":"Revealing the cost-efficiency trends of the design concepts of Energy-Intensive Systems","volume":"40","year":"1999","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.12.079","article-title":"High performance integrated solar combined cycles with minimum modifications to the combined cycle power plant design","volume":"111","author":"Manente","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4001399","article-title":"Thermofluidynamic model and comparative analysis of parabolic trough collectors using oil, water\/steam, or molten salt as heat transfer fluids","volume":"132","author":"Montes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Solar Energy Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(03)00199-3","article-title":"Trough integration into power plants\u2014a study on the performance and economy of integrated solar combined cycle systems","volume":"29","author":"Dersch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rovira, A., Abbas, R., S\u00e1nchez, C., and Mu\u00f1oz, M. (2020). Proposal and analysis of an integrated solar combined cycle with partial recuperation. Energy, 117379.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117379"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.08.094","article-title":"Impacts of solar multiples on the performance of integrated solar combined cycle systems with two direct steam generation fields","volume":"160","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.10.046","article-title":"Analysis and optimisation of combined cycles gas turbines working with partial recuperation","volume":"106","author":"Rovira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.09.038","article-title":"An exergoeconomic investigation of waste heat recovery from the Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) employing an ammonia-water power\/cooling cycle","volume":"61","author":"Zare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.04.193","article-title":"Fatigue analysis of the steam generator of a parabolic trough solar power plant","volume":"155","author":"Briongos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/22\/4\/476\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:21:34Z","timestamp":1760361694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/22\/4\/476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["e22040476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e22040476","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]}}}