{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T21:52:39Z","timestamp":1776635559642,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]],"date-time":"2020-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the framework of our previous work [H.L. Lai et al., Phys. Rev. E, 94, 023106 (2016)], we continue to study the effects of Knudsen number on two-dimensional Rayleigh\u2013Taylor (RT) instability in compressible fluid via the discrete Boltzmann method. It is found that the Knudsen number effects strongly inhibit the RT instability but always enormously strengthen both the global hydrodynamic non-equilibrium (HNE) and thermodynamic non-equilibrium (TNE) effects. Moreover, when Knudsen number increases, the Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz instability induced by the development of the RT instability is difficult to sufficiently develop in the later stage. Different from the traditional computational fluid dynamics, the discrete Boltzmann method further presents a wealth of non-equilibrium information. Specifically, the two-dimensional TNE quantities demonstrate that, far from the disturbance interface, the value of TNE strength is basically zero; the TNE effects are mainly concentrated on both sides of the interface, which is closely related to the gradient of macroscopic quantities. The global TNE first decreases then increases with evolution. The relevant physical mechanisms are analyzed and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22050500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T04:15:29Z","timestamp":1587960929000},"page":"500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Knudsen Number Effects on Two-Dimensional Rayleigh\u2013Taylor Instability in Compressible Fluid: Based on a Discrete Boltzmann Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, FJKLMAA, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huilin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, FJKLMAA, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Demei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, FJKLMAA, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbiao","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuandong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, FJKLMAA, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiguo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, P.O. Box 8009-26, Beijing 100088, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Center for Applied Physics and Technology, MOE Key Center for High Energy Density Physics Simulations, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(91)90153-D","article-title":"Theory of the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability","volume":"206","author":"Kull","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1063\/1.872802","article-title":"Growth rates of the ablative Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability in inertial confinement fusion","volume":"5","author":"Betti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. 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