{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:34:02Z","timestamp":1760402042105,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the complexity of an open multi-agent system, agents\u2019 interactions are instantiated spontaneously, resulting in beneficent collaborations with one another for mutual actions that are beyond one\u2019s current capabilities. Repeated patterns of interactions shape a feature of their organizational structure when those agents self-organize themselves for a long-term objective. This paper, therefore, aims to provide an understanding of social capital in organizations that are open membership multi-agent systems with an emphasis in our formulation on the dynamic network of social interactions that, in part, elucidate evolving structures and impromptu topologies of networks. We model an open source project as an organizational network and provide definitions and formulations to correlate the proposed mechanism of social capital with the achievement of an organizational charter, for example, optimized productivity. To empirically evaluate our model, we conducted a case study of an open source software project to demonstrate how social capital can be created and measured within this type of organization. The results indicate that the values of social capital are positively proportional towards optimizing agents\u2019 productivity into successful completion of the project.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22050519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T03:29:39Z","timestamp":1588562979000},"page":"519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards Social Capital in a Network Organization: A Conceptual Model and an Empirical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2111-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Alqithami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Albaha University, Al Bahah 65527, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6374-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahmat","family":"Budiarto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Albaha University, Al Bahah 65527, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6585-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musaad","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Albaha University, Al Bahah 65527, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Hexmoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Building a network theory of social capital","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqithami, S., and Hexmoor, H. 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