{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T03:24:34Z","timestamp":1775618674895,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater quantumkey distribution (QKD) is tough but important formodern underwater communications in an insecure environment. It can guarantee secure underwater communication between submarines and enhance safety for critical network nodes. To enhance the performance of continuous-variable quantumkey distribution (CVQKD) underwater in terms ofmaximal transmission distance and secret key rate as well, we adopt measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum key distribution with the zero-photon catalysis (ZPC) performed at the emitter of one side, which is the ZPC-based MDI-CVQKD. Numerical simulation shows that the ZPC-involved scheme, which is a Gaussian operation in essence, works better than the single photon subtraction (SPS)-involved scheme in the extreme asymmetric case. We find that the transmission of the ZPC-involved scheme is longer than that of the SPS-involved scheme. In addition, we consider the effects of temperature, salinity and solar elevation angle on the system performance in pure seawater. The maximal transmission distance decreases with the increase of temperature and the decrease of sunlight elevation angle, while it changes little over a broad range of salinity<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22050571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T02:48:24Z","timestamp":1589942904000},"page":"571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Improving Underwater Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution via Zero-Photon Catalysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanhua","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"School of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi Taihu University, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9306-2061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"School of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi Taihu University, Wuxi 214064, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1145\/3310974","article-title":"Fully Device Independent Quantum Key Distribution","volume":"62","author":"Vazirani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. 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