{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:47:10Z","timestamp":1773118030976,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a new algorithm to generate two-dimensional (2D) permutation vectors\u2019 (PV) code for incoherent optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system to suppress multiple access interference (MAI) and system complexity. The proposed code design approach is based on wavelength-hopping time-spreading (WHTS) technique for code generation. All possible combinations of PV code sets were attained by employing all permutations of the vectors with repetition of each vector weight (W) times. Further, 2D-PV code set was constructed by combining two code sequences of the 1D-PV code. The transmitter-receiver architecture of 2D-PV code-based WHTS OCDMA system is presented. Results indicated that the 2D-PV code provides increased cardinality by eliminating phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) effects and multiple user data can be transmitted with minimum likelihood of interference. Simulation results validated the proposed system for an agreeable bit error rate (BER) of 10\u22129.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22050576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T10:37:38Z","timestamp":1589971058000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Two-Dimensional Permutation Vectors\u2019 (PV) Code for Optical Code Division Multiple Access Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Yousif Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Wadi Aldwaseer, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Medien","family":"Zeghid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Wadi Aldwaseer, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Electronics and Micro-Electronics Laboratory (E. \u03bc. E. L), Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2601-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas","family":"A.Imtiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Jalozai Campus, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 23431, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9002-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teena","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi (UQAC), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4193-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdellah","family":"Chehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi (UQAC), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laval University, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1006\/ofte.1996.0017","article-title":"Optical Fiber Code Division Multiple Access Networks: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Karafolas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. 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