{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:07:18Z","timestamp":1784041638989,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["757791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["757791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we provide a systematic comparison of distribution matching (DM) and sphere shaping (SpSh) algorithms for short blocklength probabilistic amplitude shaping. For asymptotically large blocklengths, constant composition distribution matching (CCDM) is known to generate the target capacity-achieving distribution. However, as the blocklength decreases, the resulting rate loss diminishes the efficiency of CCDM. We claim that for such short blocklengths over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the objective of shaping should be reformulated as obtaining the most energy-efficient signal space for a given rate (rather than matching distributions). In light of this interpretation, multiset-partition DM (MPDM) and SpSh are reviewed as energy-efficient shaping techniques. Numerical results show that both have smaller rate losses than CCDM. SpSh\u2014whose sole objective is to maximize the energy efficiency\u2014is shown to have the minimum rate loss amongst all, which is particularly apparent for ultra short blocklengths. We provide simulation results of the end-to-end decoding performance showing that up to 1 dB improvement in power efficiency over uniform signaling can be obtained with MPDM and SpSh at blocklengths around 200. Finally, we present a discussion on the complexity of these algorithms from the perspectives of latency, storage and computations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22050581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1590060678000},"page":"581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Probabilistic Shaping for Finite Blocklengths: Distribution Matching and Sphere Shaping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8551-2851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunus Can","family":"G\u00fcltekin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing Systems Group, Information and Communication Theory Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2504-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Fehenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADVA Optical Networking, 82152 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing Systems Group, Information and Communication Theory Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7316-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frans M. J.","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing Systems Group, Information and Communication Theory Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1977.1055718","article-title":"A new multilevel coding method using error-correcting codes","volume":"23","author":"Imai","year":"1977","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1109\/18.771140","article-title":"Multilevel codes: Theoretical concepts and practical design rules","volume":"45","author":"Wachsmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. 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