{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T18:00:01Z","timestamp":1782410401651,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":348,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>How to predict the evolution of ecosystems is one of the numerous questions asked of ecologists by managers and politicians. To answer this we will need to give a scientific definition to concepts like sustainability, integrity, resilience and ecosystem health. This is not an easy task, as modern ecosystem theory exemplifies. Ecosystems show a high degree of complexity, based upon a high number of compartments, interactions and regulations. The last two decades have offered proposals for interpretation of ecosystems within a framework of thermodynamics. The entrance point of such an understanding of ecosystems was delivered more than 50 years ago through Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s and Prigogine\u2019s interpretations of living systems as \u201cnegentropy feeders\u201d and \u201cdissipative structures\u201d, respectively. Combining these views from the far from equilibrium thermodynamics to traditional classical thermodynamics, and ecology is obviously not going to happen without problems. There seems little reason to doubt that far from equilibrium systems, such as organisms or ecosystems, also have to obey fundamental physical principles such as mass conservation, first and second law of thermodynamics. Both have been applied in ecology since the 1950s and lately the concepts of exergy and entropy have been introduced. Exergy has recently been proposed, from several directions, as a useful indicator of the state, structure and function of the ecosystem. The proposals take two main directions, one concerned with the exergy stored in the ecosystem, the other with the exergy degraded and entropy formation. The implementation of exergy in ecology has often been explained as a translation of the Darwinian principle of \u201csurvival of the fittest\u201d into thermodynamics. The fittest ecosystem, being the one able to use and store fluxes of energy and materials in the most efficient manner. The major problem in the transfer to ecology is that thermodynamic properties can only be calculated and not measured. Most of the supportive evidence comes from aquatic ecosystems. Results show that natural and culturally induced changes in the ecosystems, are accompanied by a variations in exergy. In brief, ecological succession is followed by an increase of exergy. This paper aims to describe the state-of-the-art in implementation of thermodynamics into ecology. This includes a brief outline of the history and the derivation of the thermodynamic functions used today. Examples of applications and results achieved up to now are given, and the importance to management laid out. Some suggestions for essential future research agendas of issues that needs resolution are given.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22080820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Thermodynamics in Ecology\u2014An Introductory Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6005-1246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers V\u00e6nge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem Management, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 75, D-24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Bastianoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini 44, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry Section, Pharmaceutical Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen \u00d8, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Odum, E.P. 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