{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:08:55Z","timestamp":1760238535742,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]],"date-time":"2020-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ICT R&amp;D program of MSIP\/IITP","award":["1711028311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711028311"]}]},{"name":"GRI research grant of GIST in 2020","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A near-perfect storage time-extended photon echo-based quantum memory protocol has been analyzed by solving the Maxwell\u2013Bloch equations for a backward scheme in a three-level system. The backward photon echo scheme is combined with a controlled coherence conversion process via controlled Rabi flopping to a third state, where the control Rabi flopping collectively shifts the phase of the ensemble coherence. The propagation direction of photon echoes is coherently determined by the phase-matching condition between the data (quantum) and the control (classical) pulses. Herein, we discuss the classical controllability of a quantum state for both phase and propagation direction by manipulating the control pulses in both single and double rephasing photon echo schemes of a three-level system. Compared with the well-understood uses of two-level photon echoes, the Maxwell\u2013Bloch equations for a three-level system have a critical limitation regarding the phase change when interacting with an arbitrary control pulse area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22080900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T04:35:51Z","timestamp":1597638951000},"page":"900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Understanding of Collective Atom Phase Control in Modified Photon Echoes for a Near-Perfect Storage Time-Extended Quantum Memory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1416-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahmat","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Photon Information Processing, and School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea"},{"name":"Quantum Optics Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byoung S.","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Photon Information Processing, and School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.173601","article-title":"Complete reconstruction of the quantum state of a single-photon wave packet absorbed by a Doppler-broadened transition","volume":"87","author":"Moiseev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. 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