{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:08:57Z","timestamp":1761664137917,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M61820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M61820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N68660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N68660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the problem of dynamic channel access in distributed underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) is considered. First, we formulate the dynamic channel access problem in UASNs as a multi-agent Markov decision process, wherein each underwater sensor is considered an agent whose objective is to maximize the total network throughput without coordinating with or exchanging messages among different underwater sensors. We then propose a distributed deep Q-learning-based algorithm that enables each underwater sensor to learn not only the behaviors (i.e., actions) of other sensors, but also the physical features (e.g., channel error probability) of its available acoustic channels, in order to maximize the network throughput. We conduct extensive numerical evaluations and verify that the performance of the proposed algorithm is similar to or even better than the performance of baseline algorithms, even when implemented in a distributed manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22090992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T09:18:16Z","timestamp":1599470296000},"page":"992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distributed Learning for Dynamic Channel Access in Underwater Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Huicheol","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Science and Technology (OST) School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea"},{"name":"Maritime ICT R&amp;D Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maritime ICT R&amp;D Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seungjae","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maritime ICT R&amp;D Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6346-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujae","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maritime ICT R&amp;D Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900322","article-title":"Maritime internet of things: Challenges and solutions","volume":"27","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. 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