{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:01:26Z","timestamp":1776852086272,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and the Deanship of Scientific Research, Najran, University. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","award":["NU\/ESCI\/19\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU\/ESCI\/19\/001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High capacity long haul communication and cost-effective solutions for low loss transmission are the major advantages of optical fibers, which makes them a promising solution to be used for backhaul network transportation. A distortion-tolerant 100 Gbps framework that consists of long haul and high capacity transport based wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) system is investigated in this paper, with an analysis on different design parameters to mitigate the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and nonlinear effects due to the fiber transmission. The performance degradation in the presence of non-linear effects is evaluated and a digital signal processing (DSP) assisted receiver is proposed in order to achieve bit error rate (BER) of 1.56 \u00d7 10\u22126 and quality factor (Q-factor) of 5, using 25 and 50 GHz channel spacing with 90 \u03bcm2 effective area of the optical fiber. Analytical calculations of the proposed WDM system are presented and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in order to mitigate non-linear effects for up to 300 km length of optical fiber transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22091062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T09:40:56Z","timestamp":1600767656000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["DSP-Assisted Nonlinear Impairments Tolerant 100 Gbps Optical Backhaul Network for Long-Haul Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4161-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irfan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudia Arabia, Najran 61441, Saudia Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5400-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farman","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qurtuba University of Science and IT, D. I. Khan 29050, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0405-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazal","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9115-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah S.","family":"Alwadie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudia Arabia, Najran 61441, Saudia Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Glowacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatic, Control and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziaul Haq","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliasz","family":"Ka\u0144toch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, G.P. (2002). Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, John Wiley and Sons. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0471221147"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3930","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3930","article-title":"Extenuation of phase shift influenced nonlinear impairments in fiber optics network","volume":"31","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Senior, J.M. (2008). Optical Fiber Communications, Principals and Practice, Prentice Hall. 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