{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T15:05:07Z","timestamp":1761491107530,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006192","name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC05-00OR22725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC05-00OR22725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Boltzmann machines have useful roles in deep learning applications, such as generative data modeling, initializing weights for other types of networks, or extracting efficient representations from high-dimensional data. Most Boltzmann machines use restricted topologies that exclude looping connectivity, as such connectivity creates complex distributions that are difficult to sample. We have used an open-system quantum annealer to sample from complex distributions and implement Boltzmann machines with looping connectivity. Further, we have created policies mapping Boltzmann machine variables to the quantum bits of an annealer. These policies, based on correlation and entropy metrics, dynamically reconfigure the topology of Boltzmann machines during training and improve performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22111202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1603679694000},"page":"1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dynamic Topology Reconfiguration of Boltzmann Machines on Quantum Annealers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7229-9417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"}]},{"given":"Ke-Thia","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Spedalieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1666-5","article-title":"Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor","volume":"574","author":"Arute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"021050","article-title":"Quantum boltzmann machine","volume":"8","author":"Amin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. 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