{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:13:44Z","timestamp":1778948024249,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a multistage segmentation technique is proposed that identifies cancerous cells in prostate tissue samples. The benign areas of the tissue are distinguished from the cancerous regions using the texture of glands. The texture is modeled based on wavelet packet features along with sample entropy values. In a multistage segmentation process, the mean-shift algorithm is applied on the pre-processed images to perform a coarse segmentation of the tissue. Wavelet packets are employed in the second stage to obtain fine details of the structured shape of glands. Finally, the texture of the gland is modeled by the sample entropy values, which identifies epithelial regions from stroma patches. Although there are three stages of the proposed algorithm, the computation is fast as wavelet packet features and sample entropy values perform robust modeling for the required regions of interest. A comparative analysis with other state-of-the-art texture segmentation techniques is presented and dice ratios are computed for the comparison. It has been observed that our algorithm not only outperforms other techniques, but, by introducing sample entropy features, identification of cancerous regions of tissues is achieved with 90% classification accuracy, which shows the robustness of the proposed algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22121370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T11:59:00Z","timestamp":1607083140000},"page":"1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Multistage Segmentation of Prostate Cancer Tissues Using Sample Entropy Texture Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tariq","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Sahiwal Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Masood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore 54792, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4161-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9576-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Draz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab 57000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arfan Ali","family":"Nagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore 54792, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore 54792, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7116-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bandar M.","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Glowacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatic Control and Robotics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9675-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard","family":"Tadeusiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mater H.","family":"Mahnashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacy School, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Yasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Okara, Okara 56130, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.55.2.74","article-title":"Global cancer statistics, 2002","volume":"55","author":"Parkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2019). 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